Urban-rural differences in the association between access to healthcare and health outcomes among older adults in China

Table 5 Relative hazard ratios of mortality for inadequate access to healthcare by urban-rural residence among adults aged 65 and older in China, CLHLS 2005–2014

	Urban				Rural
	Model I	Model II	Model III	Model IV	Model I	Model II	Model III	Model IV
Inadequate access to healthcare	1.37*	1.33*	1.18	1.15	1.29***	1.28***	1.24**	1.17*
Sociodemographics
Age	1.09***	1.09***	1.08***	1.07***	1.10***	1.10****	1.09***	1.08***
Men (women)	1.53***	1.56***	1.28**	1.39***	1.57***	1.57***	1.40***	1.45***
Currently married (no)	0.98	0.99	0.98	0.98	0.96	0.97	0.96	0.98
Coresidence with children (no)	1.01	1.01	0.98	0.97	1.05	1.05	1.04	1.03
1–6 years of schooling (0)	0.82*	0.81*	0.88	0.89	0.99	0.99	1.02	1.05
7+ years of schooling (0)	0.73*	0.71**	0.83	0.84	0.91	0.90	0.94	0.97
White-collar job (no)	1.14	1.13	1.12	1.12	1.18⁺	1.17⁺	1.15	1.12
Economic independence (no)	0.78**	0.76**	0.81*	0.82*	0.75***	0.75***	0.80**	0.84**
National health insurance enrollment
Enrolled in rural NCMS (no)		0.70***	0.74**	0.73**		0.84*	0.86*	0.86*
Enrolled in urban MS (no)		0.96	1.09	1.07		1.01	1.01	1.03
Health behaviors
Quit smoking (never)			1.37**	1.26*			1.40***	1.36***
Currently smoking (never)			1.36***	1.38***			1.07	1.10
Leisure activity scores 1–9 (0)			0.52***	0.64***			0.52***	0.66***
Leisure activity scores 10–14 (0)			0.35***	0.48***			0.40***	0.53***
Leisure activity scores 15⁺ (0)			0.27***	0.38***			0.39***	0.54***
Baseline health
IADL disabled (no)				1.40***				1.43***
ADL disabled (no)				1.46***				1.58***
Cognitively impaired (no)				1.18*				1.15*
N (individuals)	7588	7588	7588	7588	12,926	12,926	12,926	12,926
Wald Chi square	631.3***	664.0***	866.7***	908.2***	1284.7***	1303.6***	1521.9***	1573.8***

IADL instrumental activities of daily living, ADL activities of daily living, NCMS new cooperative medical scheme, MS medical scheme
The total analytic sample was 20,514 individuals (excluding those lost to follow-up). All models also controlled for survey year and proxy responses to the question of adequate access to healthcare
⁺ p < 0.1, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001

ISSN: 1471-2318