Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants
Characteristic | Intervention Group (n = 90) | Historical Group (n = 124) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | 88.4 ± 6.9 | 88.2 ± 6.8 | 0.83 |
Male (n) | 36 | 50 | 1.00 |
Female (n) | 54 | 74 | |
Residence before admission (n) | 0.45 | ||
Home | 57 | 83 | |
Nursing facilities | 32 | 37 | |
Other hospitals | 1 | 4 | |
Diagnosis of dementia (n) | 0.19 | ||
Alzheimer’s disease | 25 | 33 | |
Vascular dementia | 18 | 39 | |
Mixed dementia | 25 | 20 | |
Frontotemporal dementia | 1 | 3 | |
Lewy body disease | 2 | 1 | |
Others or unknown | 19 | 28 | |
Cognitive function | |||
HDS-R | 3.3 ± 5.7 | 3.7 ± 6.2 | 0.77 |
MMSE | 3.8 ± 6.2 | 4.4 ± 7.0 | 0.76 |
Daily life independence level of the elderly with dementiaa I or II (%) | 27.8 | 28.2 | 1.00 |
Physical function | |||
Barthel Index | 12 ± 21 | 4.6 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
0 (n) | 50 | 99 | |
5–15 (n) | 19 | 13 | |
20–75 (n) | 20 | 10 | |
80–100 (n) | 1 | 1 | |
Not available (n) | 0 | 1 | |
Daily life independence level (bedridden level) of the elderly with disabilitya B or C (%) | 98 | 99 | 0.57 |
Serological examinations | |||
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.9 ± 1.5 | 11.2 ± 2.1 | 0.15 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 3.0 ± 0.5 | 0.98 |
Diseases that affected the onset of ESDED | 0.005 | ||
Infectious diseases (n) | 44 | 68 | |
Stroke (n) | 5 | 23 | |
Heart failure (n) | 4 | 7 | |
Intestinal diseases (n) | 3 | 5 | |
Absence (only dehydration and/or malnutrition) (n) | 27 | 16 | |
Others (n) | 7 | 5 | |
Oral intake (Kcal/day) | 194 ± 160 | 168 ± 158 | 0.29 |
0 Kcal/day (n) | 21 | 30 | |
1 to 100 Kcal/day (n) | 12 | 25 | |
101 to 200 Kcal/day (n) | 14 | 19 | |
201 to 300 Kcal/day (n) | 15 | 20 | |
301 to 400 Kcal/day (n) | 17 | 17 | |
401 to 500 Kcal/day (n) | 11 | 13 | |