Table 1 Health characteristics of older adults in the Crystal study, according to the age group
|  | 65–74 years old (n = 305) | 75 years and older (n = 306) |
|---|---|---|
Sex | Â | Â |
 Male, n (%) | 100 (32.8) | 73 (23.9) |
Age (years), median, [IQR] | 70 [68–72] | 79 [77–83] |
BMI (kg/m2) mean, ±SD | 29.1 ± 4.9 | 28.1 ± 4.9 |
Comorbidities | Â | Â |
 Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 228 (74.8) | 256 (83.7) |
  Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 37 (12.1) | 40 (13.1) |
  Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 97 (31.8) | 87 (28.4) |
  Stroke, n (%) | 37 (12.1) | 54 (17.6) |
  Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 49 (16.1) | 38 (12.4) |
  COPD, n (%) | 71 (21.3) | 77 (23.2) |
  Asthma, n (%) | 10 (3.3) | 17 (5.6) |
  Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) | 69 (22.6) | 67 (21.9) |
  Osteoarthritis or arthritis (%) | 7 (2.3) | 17 (5.6) |
  Cancer, n (%) | 11 (3.6) | 11 (3.6) |
  Parkinson’s, n (%) | 2 (0.7) | 5 (1.6) |
  Renal pathology, n (%) | 21 (6.9) | 10 (3.3) |
  Vision impairment, n (%) | 99 (32.5) | 128 (41.8) |
  Hearing impairment, n (%) | 61 (20.1) | 101 (33.0) |
  Incontinence, n (%) | 104 (34.1) | 146 (47.7) |
SPPB score, median, [IQR] | 10 [7–12] | 7 [5–10] |
Grip strength, median, [IQR] | Â | Â |
 Males | 29.2 [24.1–33.1] | 22.5 [16.9–28.4] |
 Females | 16.0 [12.3–19.3] | 12.3 [9.3–16.3] |
Barthel Index < 95, n (%) | 44 (14.4) | 101 (33.0) |
GDS-15 score > 5, n (%) | 79 (25.1) | 130 (42.5) |
MMSE score, n (%) | Â | Â |
 0–9 | 1 (0.3) | 7 (2.3) |
 10–20 | 20 (6.6) | 58 (19.0) |
 21–24 | 40 (13.1) | 85 (27.8) |
 25–30 | 244 (80) | 156 (51.0) |
SOC score, mean ± SD | 63.9 ± 9.7 | 64.2 ± 11.6 |
FEV1, L, mean ± SD | 2.2 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.6 |
Frailty status according to Puts model | Â | Â |
 Robust, n (%) | 65 (22.0) | 17 (5.7) |
 Pre–frail, n (%) | 117 (39.5) | 98 (33.1) |
 Frail, n (%) | 114 (38.5) | 181 (61.1) |
Frailty status according to Fried model | Â | Â |
 Robust, n (%) | 55 (18.3) | 36 (12.2) |
 Pre–frail, n (%) | 196 (65.1) | 175 (59.1) |
 Frail, n (%) | 50 (16.6) | 85 (28.7) |
Frailty status according to Steverink-Slaets model | Â | Â |
 Robust, n (%) | 168 (55.4) | 90 (29.4) |
 Pre–frail, n (%) | 62 (20.5) | 88 (29.0) |
 Frail, n (%) | 73 (24.1) | 125 (40.8) |