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Table 1 Patient baseline demographics, vascular risk profile, cognitive and functional status among 3 cognitive subgroups (MCI, mild AD and moderate AD)

From: Prospective longitudinal study of frailty transitions in a community-dwelling cohort of older adults with cognitive impairment

 

Total (n = 122)

MCI (n = 41)

Mild AD (n = 67)

Moderate AD (n = 14)

Demographics

    

Age

75.4 (7.2)

72.5 (7.1)

76.3 (6.9)

79.4 (6.1)

Gender (Male %)

40.6

56.1

34.3

21.4 *

Race (Chinese %)

94.3

92.6

94.0

100

Education years

7.1 (5.0)

9.9 (4.7)

5.8 (4.6)

4.9 (4.5)

CDR global

0.9 (0.5)

0.5 (0.1)

0.9 (0.3)

1.82 (0.5)*a,b,c

CDR Sum of boxes

4.0 (3.0)

1.1 (0.6)

4.7 (1.8)

9.2 (2.7)*a,b,c

CMMSE

20.1 (5.7)

25.2 (2.3)

18.4 (4.6)

13.4 (5.4)*a,b,c

Medical comorbidities

    

HT (%)

65.5

58.5

68.7

71.4

DM (%)

29.5

24.4

35.8

14.3

Hyperlipidemia (%)

70.5

63.4

74.6

71.4

IHD (%)

21.3

26.8

17.9

21.4

Smoker/ex-heavy smoker (%)

15.5

19.4

13.4

14.2 *

AF (%)

3.3

2.4

4.5

0

PVD (%)

0.8

2.4

0

0

Multimorbidity score

2.1 (1.2)

2.0 (1.3)

2.1 (1.2)

1.9 (1.3)

BMI

22.9 (3.2)

23.1 (2.6)

22.8 (3.6)

22.8 (2.4)

ETOH ingestion (%)

12.2

18.2

10.4

7.1

Past psy problem (%)

4.9

9.8

1.5

7.1

MDD (%)

2.5

4.9

1.5

0

Neurodegeneration and wm scores

    

APOE status

    

E2/e2

0.8

0

1.5

0

E2/e3

12.3

17.1

7.5

21.4

E2/e4

1.6

2.4

1.5

0

E3/e3

47.5

46.3

52.2

28.6

E3/e4

32.8

29.3

31.3

50.0

E4/e4

4.9

4.9

6.0

0

MTA score

1.2 (1.0) (n = 106)

0.6 (0.8) (n = 38)

1.5 (1.0) (n = 59)

1.6 (1.0) (n = 9)

ARWMC score

4.9 (4.2) (n = 117)

4.2 (3.3) (n = 38)

5.0 (4.8) (n = 65)

6.4 (3.6) (n = 14)

Function, behaviour and burden scores

    

ADL

97.8 (5.7)

99.1 (1.9)

97.8 (5.5)

93.9 (11.1)*a,b

iADL

15.7 (5.4)

19.7 (3.7)

14.4 (4.7)

10.4 (4.7)*a,b,c

NPI total severity

2.1 (1.7)

1.4 (1.3)

2.3 (1.8)

2.9 (1.7)*b,c

NPI CG distress

3.6 (5.3)

1.4 (2.6)

4.1 (5.6)

7.2 (6.7)*b,c

Zarit total

22.6 (16.1)

20.3 (15.7)

21.7 (14.7)

29.6 (21.5)

FAI total

22.9 (8.1)

28.2 (6.9)

21.6 (6.6)

13.8 (6.9)*a,b,c

Nutrition, lean mass and functional performance

    

MNA total

13.0 (1.5)

13.2 (1.6)

13.0 (1.4)

12.7 (1.7)

Grip strength

19.5 (7.5)

22.7 (8.2)

18.3 (6.8)

16.3 (5.9)*b,c

SPPB total

8.7 (2.3)

9.7 (2.3)

8.9 (2.0)

6.5 (2.4)*b,c

Lean mass measurement (ALM/ht2)

6.6 (8.2)

6.2 (0.9)

6.9 (9.8)

5.5 (0.7)

  1. Abbreviations: MCI mild cognitive impairment, AD Alzheimer’s disease, CDR, clinical dementia rating, CMMSE Chinese mini mental state examination (range 0–28), HT hypertension, DM diabetes mellitus, IHD ischaemic heart disease, AF atrial fibrillation, PVD peripheral vascular disease, BMI, body-mass index, ETOH ethanol, MDD diagnostic statistical manual definition of major depressive disorder, MTA medial temporal atrophy, ARWMC age-related white matter changes, ADL activities of daily living (range 0–100), CG caregiver, activities of daily living (range 0–23), NPI neuropsychiatric Inventory, FAI frenchay activity index, MNA mini-nutritional assessment, SPPB short physical performance battery, ALM/ht2 appendicular lean mass/ (height in metres) 2
  2. *p < 0.05 between the 3 cognitive subgroups (ANOVA with Bonferroni correction for parametric and Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric continuous variables; Chi-square test for categorical variables)
  3. adifferences between mild and moderate AD
  4. bdifferences between MCI and mild AD
  5. cdifferences between MCI and moderate AD
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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