From: Use of physical restraints in nursing homes: a multicentre cross-sectional study
 | Univariate models | Multiple model | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | p-value | Odds ratio (95 % CI) | p-value |
Nursing home characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Region, Fribourg vs. St.Gallen | 1.00 (0.42–2.42) | 0.993 |  |  |
Location, rural vs. urban | 0.92 (0.37–2.27) | 0.848 |  |  |
Ownership | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Private vs. non-profit | 2.39 (0.98–5.83) | 0.055 |  |  |
 Other vs. non-profit | 3.36 (0.59–18.97) | 0.155 |  |  |
Dementia care unit, yes vs. no | 1.13 (0.46–2.78) | 0.773 |  |  |
Residents per nursing home, ≤70 vs. >70 | 0.90 (0.37–2.20) | 0.803 |  |  |
Residents per caregiver FTEa , ≤1.7 vs. > 1.7 | 2.39 (1.13–5.05) | 0.025 |  |  |
Residents per night nurse, ≤30 vs. > 30 | 1.76 (0.78–3.96) | 0.159 |  |  |
Proportion of trained nursing staff, ≤40 vs. >40 | 0.77 (0.32–1.83) | 0.533 |  |  |
Medical care | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 General practitioner vs. in-house physician | 0.39 (0.09–1.67) | 0.187 |  |  |
 Others vs. in-house physician | 0.52 (0.12–2.24) | 0.354 |  |  |
Physical restraint standard with definition, yes vs. no | 1.08 (0.68–1.72) | 0.735 |  |  |
Resident characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Gender, men vs. women | 1.00 (0.75–1.31) | 0.975 | 1.27 (0.89–1.82) | 0.189 |
Age | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 75–84 vs. <75 years | 0.76 (0.49–1.17) | 0.213 | 0.87 (0.50–1.50) | 0.606 |
 85–94 vs. <75 years | 0.92 (0.62–1.38) | 0.701 | 1.27 (0.75–2.14) | 0.369 |
  ≥ 95 vs. <75 years | 1.14 (0.66–2.00) | 0.634 | 1.49 (0.72–3.08) | 0.283 |
Length of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 1.1–2.5 vs. 1 year | 1.52 (1.04–2.22) | 0.029 | 1.39 (0.88–2.19) | 0.156 |
 2.6–4.5 vs. 1 year | 2.25 (1.53–3.31) | <0.001 | 1.44 (0.90–2.29) | 0.127 |
 4.6- vs. 1 year | 3.18 (2.19–4.63) | <0.001 | 1.91 (1.22–3.02) | 0.005 |
Degree of care dependency | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 4–6 vs. <4 | 12.97 (5.02–33.51) | <0.001 | 9.93 (3.63–27.13) | <0.001 |
 7–9 vs. <4 | 81.49 (32.02–207.40) | <0.001 | 50.06 (18.54–135.15) | <0.001 |
 10–12 vs. <4 | 530.82 (183.67–1,534.09) | <0.001 | 294.25 (94.37–917.45) | <0.001 |
Mobility limitations, yes vs. no | 7.55 (5.31–10.74) | <0.001 | 3.46 (2.35–5.10) | <0.001 |
Verbal agitation, yes vs. no | 1.48 (1.11–1.98) | 0.007 | 0.87 (0.58–1.29) | 0.474 |
Physical agitation, yes vs. no | 1.61 (1.11–2.32) | 0.012 | 1.13 (0.68–1.86) | 0.642 |
Fall | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Within the last 30 days, yes vs. no | 0.98 (0.68–1.40) | 0.902 |  |  |
 Between >30 and 180 days, yes vs. no | 1.23 (0.91–1.65) | 0.175 |  |  |