Table 2 Risk ratios of adverse health outcomes (dependence in ADLs or death) for vision and hearing impairments by gender.

Men

   Vision impairment

No

23/275 (8.4)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Impaired

11/60 (18.3)

2.19

(1.13-4.25)

.020

1.83

(0.95-3.53)

.071

1.43 (0.63-3.26)

.393

   Hearing impairment

No

18/271 (6.6)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Impaired

16/64 (25.0)

3.76

(2.03 -6.97)

< .001

3.49

(1.86-6.53)

< .001

3.10 (1.43-6.72)

.004

Women

   Vision impairment

No

23/301 (7.6)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Impaired

29/160 (18.1)

2.37

(1.42-3.96)

.001

2.28

(1.35-3.83)

.002

1.60

(0.97-2.63)

.064

   Hearing impairment

No

34/345 (9.9)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Impaired

18/116 (15.5)

1.57

(0.93-2.68)

.094

1.40

(0.82-2.39)

0.71

(0.38-1.31)

.269

Men and Women

   Vision impairment

No

46/576 (8.0)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Impaired

40/220 (18.2)

2.28

(1.53-3.38)

< .001

2.07

(1.38-3.09)

< .001

1.60

(1.05-2.44)

.028

.904

   Hearing impairment

No

52/616 (8.4)

1.00

1.00

1.00

Impaired

34/180 (18.9)

2.24

(1.50-3.34)

< .001

2.00

(1.33-3.01)

.001

1.23

(0.76-1.97)

.396

.006