Pain among nursing home patients in the Netherlands: prevalence, course, clinical correlates, recognition and analgesic treatment – an observational cohort study

Table 3 Clinical characteristics associated with presence of pain at baseline in a sample (n = 350)^a of Dutch nursing home patients.

Characteristic	Mild pain symptoms n = 138		Serious pain symptoms n = 94
	Crude OR (95% CI)^b	Adjusted OR (95% CI)^c	Crude OR (95% CI)^b	Adjusted OR (95% CI)^c
Age (>=80/<80)	0.83 (0.50–1.37)		0.61 (0.35–1.07)
Sexe (female/male)	1.11 (0.65–1.88)		1.48 (0.81–2.70)
MMSE-score (>23/<=23)	1.13 (0.67–1.91)		1.33 (0.75–2.34)
Depressive symptoms (yes/no)	1.67 (0.98–2.84)		3.55 (1.98–6.35)	2.56 (1.34–4.89)
Anxiety symptoms (yes/no)	1.82 (0.97–3.38)		3.77 (1.98–7.17)	2.47 (1.22–4.99)
Sleeping problems (yes/no)	1.76 (0.94–3.29)		2.55 (1.32–4.90)	1.87 (0.92–3.79)
Number of physical illnesses (>3/<=3)	1.23 (0.72–2.11)		1.66 (0.91–3.03)
Functional impairments (large/moderate)	0.95 (0.58–1.58)		1.34 (0.77–2.34)

^a Complete data of all variables were available for 293 patients
^b Crude odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Controlgroup (n = 109): patients without pain.
^c Adjusted odds ratio derived from a multiple logistic regression model. As independent variables were entered variables with a statistically significant crude OR. Controlgroup (n = 109): patients without pain.
^d Statistically significant OR (p < 0.05) in bold characters.

ISSN: 1471-2318