Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
| Â | Total | Men | Women | Â |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | n = 1,878 | n = 897 | n = 981 | p value |
| Â | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Â |
Sociodemographics | ||||
Age in years, mean (SD) | 70.9 (7.4) | 72.1(7.8) | 69.8 (6.8) | <0.001 |
Age older than 80 years | 252 (13.4) | 87 (9.7) | 165 (16.8) | <0.001 |
Years of education <5 | 1268 (70.4) | 646 (72) | 622 (63.4) | 0.059 |
Poverty | 1197 (70.7) | 506 (56.4) | 524 (53.4) | NS |
Living alone | 164 (9.4) | 91 (10.1) | 73 (7.4) | NS |
Comorbidities | ||||
Number of chronic conditions, mean(SD) | 3.21 (1.9) | 2.72 (1.7) | 3.7 (2) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2),mean(SD) | 24.4 (4.5) | 23.4 (4.1) | 22.5 (4.6) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 990 (52.7) | 411 (45.8) | 579 (59) | <0.001 |
Osteoarthritis | 734 (39.1) | 309 (34.4) | 425 (43.3) | <0.001 |
Heart disease | 373 (19.9) | 195 (21.7) | 178 (18.1) | NS |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 306 (16.3) | 96 (10.7) | 210 (21.4) | < 0.05 |
Diabetes mellitus | 242 (12.9) | 101 (11.3) | 141 (14.3) | NS |
Stroke | 96 (5.1) | 45 (5) | 51 (5.2) | NS |
Lower extremities fractures | 219 (11.7) | 109(12) | 110 (11.2) | NS |
Polypharmacy (>4) | 284 (15.1) | 107 (12) | 177 (18) | <0.001 |
Symptoms reported | ||||
Joint pain | 618 (32.9) | 265 (29.5) | 353 (36) | NS |
Breathlessness | 213 (11.3) | 99 (11) | 114 (11.6) | NS |
Memory problems | 628 (33.4) | 259 (28.9) | 369 (37.6) | NS |
Sensory impairments | ||||
Hearing | 713 (38) | 372 (41.5) | 330 (34.5) | <0.001 |
Visual | 1293 (68.9) | 589 (65.7) | 707 (72.1) | <0.001 |
Falling | ||||
At least one fall in past year | 599 (32.2) | 226 (25.2) | 373 (38) | <0.001 |
Recurrent falls | 298 (15.9) | 107 (12) | 179 (18.2) | NS |
Injurious falls in the last year | 296 (15.8) | 102 (11.4) | 194 (19.8) | <0.001 |
Functional capacity | ||||
Disability with ADL | 738 (39.3) | 310 (34.6) | 428 (43.6) | <0.001 |
Disability with IADL | 1188 (63.2) | 599 (66.8) | 588 (60) | 0.002 |
Gait speed (m/s), mean (SD) | 0.95 (0.23) | 0.99 (0.25) | 0.91 (0.2) | <0.001 |
Chair stand(s), mean (SD) | 1.52 (0.80) | 1.52 (0.94) | 1.52 (0.65) | NS |
Grip strength (kg), mean (SD) | 22 (7.36) | 26.7 (6.7) | 17.8 (4.8) | <0.001 |
Psychosocial characteristics | ||||
Fear of falling | 1412 (75.2) | 582 (64.9) | 830 (84.6) | <0.001 |
Restriction of activities by fear of falling | 796 (51.7) | 347 (38.7) | 449 (45.8) | NS |
Poor perceived health | 337 (18) | 173 (19.3) | 164 (16.7) | NS |
Cognitive impairment (MMSE <18, score 0 to 30) | 205 (10.9) | 103 (11.5) | 102 (10.4) | NS |
Depression (GDS-S > 6, score 0 to 15)) | 703 (37.7) | 354 (39.5) | 349 (35.6) | NS |
Social participation (low) | 561 (29.9) | 315 (35.1) | 246 (25.1) | <0.001 |
Social support not available | 413 (22) | 222 (24.7) | 191 (19.5) | NS |