Greene et al. 2012*
|
N = 349
|
2 years
|
Not recorded
|
Tinetti 1997
|
Test completed once. Assistive device not permitted.
|
Self report with collateral information from relatives and medical records
|
N = 83
|
M = 103
|
F = 246
|
Mean age 71.5+/− 6.7
|
Herman et al. 2011 and 2010
|
N = 265
|
3 years
|
Physiotherapist
|
Leveille 2009 and Mackensie 2006
|
Test performed twice (mean score used). Assistive device not permitted
|
Self report falls diary monthly
|
N = 64 (1 year follow up)
|
M = 111
|
F = 154
|
N = 131 (2 year follow up)
|
Mean age 76.4+/−4.3
|
N = 73 retrospective
|
Russell et al. 2008*
|
N = 344
|
1 year
|
Physiotherapist, occupational therapist or medical doctor
|
Kellogg 1987
|
As per original TUG.
|
Self report falls diary bi-monthly
|
N = 164
|
M = 106
|
F = 238
|
Mean age 75.9+/−8.5
|
Viccaro et al. 2011*
|
N = 457
|
1 year
|
Not recorded
|
Defined as unintentionally coming to rest on the ground or other surface.
|
As per original TUG. Average of 2 trials reported.
|
Interview at 3/12 visit
|
N = 174
|
F = 201 M = 256
|
Mean age =74
|
Killough et al. 2006*
|
N = 122
|
6 months
|
Unrecorded
|
Not defined
|
Administered test only once unless misunderstood and a second trial was used.
|
Interviewed every 3 months by telephone
|
N = not recorded
|
M/F = unrecorded
|
Mean age = unrecorded
|
Thomas unpublished study*
|
N = 31
|
12 months
|
Physiotherapist
|
Kellogg 1987
|
Shoe should have maximum heel height of 4 cm. TUG not described in any further detail.
|
Self report by monthly prepaid postcards and follow up phone call at 3, 6, 9/12.
|
N = 16 had 2 or more falls, 15 had 1 or no falls
|
M = 6
|
F = 25
|
Mean age = 81.6
|
Aoyama et al. 2011*
|
N = 58
|
6 months
|
Physiotherapist
|
Tinetti 1988
|
As per original TUG. Two test trials and mean score recorded.
|
Self report by falls diary, collected at 6 month
|
N = 25
|
F = 58
|
M = 0
|
Mean age 80.5+/−5.7
|
Sai et al. 2009*
|
N = 137
|
12 months
|
Trained clinical staff
|
Buchner 1993
|
Time taken for subject to get up from chair (with arms crossed across chest) walk 10 ft, turn around and sit back down as quickly as possible.
|
Self report by falls diary. This was followed by monthly phone-calls.
|
N = 70
|
M = 48
|
F = 89
|
Mean age 76.7 +/− 6.1
|
Alexandre et al. 2012*
|
N = 63
|
12 months
|
Trained Physical therapists
|
Kellogg Working Group 1987
|
As per original TUG seat height 42 cm, back 79 cm, arms 60 cm from ground. Participants used own foot wear and used assistive device if needed.
|
Interviewed every 3/12 by blinded evaluator and self report via log book collected every 3/12.
|
N = 21
|
Male = 30
|
Female = 33
|
Mean age Fallers = 66.68+/−5.57.Non fallers =66.36+/−4.60
|
Yamada et al. 2010
|
N = 171
|
1 year
|
Trained staff members
|
Koski 1996
|
As per original TUG, height 40 cm, 3 m at normal pace turn walk back to chair and sit down. 2 trials average time recorded
|
Monthly telephone calls using structured questionnaire. Self report by mail every month.
|
N = 59
|
F = 134
|
M = 37
|
Age 80.5+/ -5.6
|
Yamada et al. 2012
|
N = 252.
|
1 year
|
Trained researchers
|
Koski 1996
|
Participants asked to stand up from a standard chair seat height 40 cm, walk a distance of 3 m at a maximum pace, turn walk back and sit down. Better performance of two attempts recorded. Walking aid permitted
|
Interview at end of follow up
|
N = 71
|
231 who completed study:
|
Male = 54
|
Female = 177
|
Mean age =
|
T1 = 73.9+/−6.6
|
T2 = 79.1+/−7.0
|
T3 = 82.0+/−6.9
|
Wrisley et al. 2010
|
N = 35
|
6 months
|
Physical therapist
|
Defined as unintentional contact below pt’s height and classified as unexplained or unexplained. A fall was considered explained if there was medical environmental or task-related explanation for the fall that was unavoidable. An unexplainable fall was all other falls.
|
As per original TUG. Participants were allowed 1 practice trial and then preformed 3 timed trials. The average of 3 trials reported
|
Self report by daily falls calendar; return a separate postcard providing details of any falls with follow up phone call.
|
N = 17 (6 participants reported 7 unexplained falls)
|
Mean age =72.9 +/−7.8
|
M = 17
|
F = 18
|
Pai et al. 2010
|
N = 13
|
1 year
|
Not recorded
|
Defined as any event in which they landed unintentionally on a lower surface such as a chair, the floor or ground
|
As per original TUG, one practice trial given.
|
Contacted by telephone between 29–32 months into study
|
N = 4
|
M = 9
|
F = 4
|
Mean age =72+/−5
|
Okumiya et al. 1998
|
N = 328
|
5 years prospective
|
Not recorded
|
Not defined
|
As per original TUG
|
Self-administered questionnaire
|
68
|
M = 151
|
F = 177
|
Mean age =80.3
|
Lin et al. 2004
|
N = 1200
|
1 year
|
Trained interviewer
|
Not defined
|
As per original TUG standard chair with seat height of 40-50 cm height
|
Self report by postcard when a fall occurred and telephoned every 3/12.
|
Not recorded
|
M = 709
|
F = 491
|
Mean age = 73.4
|
Buatois et al. 2006
|
N = 206
|
16 months
|
Not recorded
|
Tinetti 1988
|
As per original TUG
|
Self report by falls calendar and questionnaire
|
N = 57
|
M = 116
|
F = 90
|
Mean age = 70+/−4
|
Buatois et al. 2010
|
N = 1618
|
Mean time 25+/−5 months (18–36 months)
|
Not recorded
|
Tinetti 1999
|
As per original TUG
|
Self report by questionnaire at end of study. Mean follow up period 25 +/−5 months range 18-36months.
|
N = 333
|
M = 821
|
F = 797
|
Mean age 70
|
Bergland et al. 2003*
|
N = 307
|
1 year
|
Not recorded
|
Falls defined as an unintentional change in position resulting in the victim lying on the floor or on the ground.
|
The subject was instructed to rise from a chair, walk 3 m as quickly as possible, cross a line, turn, walk back, and sit down again.
|
Self report by daily calendar, to return calendar every 3/12 with follow up phone call if a fall occurred. Subjects who did not return the calendar were contacted
|
155
|
Wearing ordinary shoes and used customary walking aids if needed.
|
M = 0
|
F = 307
|
Mean age 80.8
|
Trueblood et al. 2001
|
N = 198
|
6 months
|
Researcher
|
Anacker 1992
|
As per TUG, armless chair, 3 timed trials average time recorded
|
Telephone survey 4 and 6 months using a formalised script.
|
N = 30
|
M = 38
|
F = 160
|
Mean age 78.1+/−8.2
|
Shimada et al. 2009
|
N = 445
|
1 year
|
Day centre staff nursing allied health or similar qualifications
|
Nevitt 1989 Cumming 2008
|
As per TUG, measured once at usual pace assistive device allowed
|
Self report questionnaire, with collateral if difficulty in recall
|
N = 99
|
F = 310
|
M =135
|
Mean age 80.5+/−7.2
|
Melzer et al. 2009*
|
N = 100
|
1 year prospective
|
Research assistant
|
Tinetti 1988
|
Not described in detail but referenced as per AGS/BGS which in turn references Podsiadlo
|
Self report by daily calendar. Contacted by research assistant at one month intervals to monitor falls.
|
N = 49
|
Male = 26
|
Female = 72
|
Mean age 78.4+/−5.7
|
Beauchet et al. 2007 and 2008
|
N = 187
|
1 year
|
Trained evaluator
|
Defined as unintentionally coming to rest on the ground, floor or lower level
|
Not described reference to Podsiadlo
|
Monthly phone call using a standardised questionnaire. Collateral obtained if cognitive impairment
|
N = 54
|
M = 29
|
F = 158
|
Mean Age = 84.8+/−5.2
|
Garber et al. 2010
|
N = 904
|
6 months
|
Trained bilingual field interviewers
|
Not defined
|
Armless chair 3 m as quickly 2 trials –first practice second recorded time
|
Not recorded
|
Not recorded
|
Male = 263
|
Female = 641
|
Mean age 76.6+/−0.5
|