Table 1 Sample characteristics ^* of middle-aged (n = 2291, 51.2%) and older (n = 2180, 48.8%) patients with diabetes

N (%)

N (%)

p-value^§

N (%)

Gender

Male

1515(66.1)

1176(54.0)

2691(60.2)

Female

776(33.9)

1004(46.0)

<0.001

1780(39.8)

Hospitalization

  No

2055(89.7)

1844(84.6)

3899(87.2)

  Yes

236(10.3)

336(15.4)

<0.001

572(12.8)

Reasons for hospitalization

 Diabetes

98(4.2)

153(7.0)

251(5.6)

  Cardiovascular disease

76(3.3)

96(4.4)

172(3.8)

  Cerebrovascular disease

46(2.0)

60(2.8)

106(2.4)

  Renal disease

16(0.7)

27(1.2)

<0.001

43(1.0)

Glycemic control

Controlled

925(40.4)

1132(51.9)

2057(46.0)

Uncontrolled(≥126 mg/dL)

1366(59.6)

1048(48.1)

<0.001

2414(54.0)

Prior hospitalization

No

1909(83.3)

1660(76.1)

3569(79.8)

Hospitalized

382(16.7)

520(23.9)

<0.001

902(20.2)

Prior glycemic control

Controlled

995(43.4)

1121(51.4)

2116(47.3)

Uncontrolled(≥126 mg/dL)

1296(56.6)

1059(48.6)

<0.001

2355(52.7)

Hypertension

  Normal

1738(75.9)

1476(67.7)

3214(71.9)

  Hypertensive^†

553(24.2)

704(32.3)

<0.001

1257(28.1)

Total cholesterol level

  Desirable

2050(89.5)

1935(88.7)

3985(89.1)

  High(≥240 mg/dL)

241(10.6)

245(11.3)

0.44

486(10.9)

BMI, kg/m²

  Normal(<25)

1257(54.9)

1230(56.4)

2487(55.6)

  Overweight(25–29.9)

897(39.2)

846(38.8)

1743(40.0)

  Obese(≥30)

137(6.0)

104(4.8)

0.17

241(5.4)

Duration of diabetes

  3-5 yrs

861(37.6)

607(27.9)

1468(32.8)

  6-8 yrs

608(26.6)

529(24.3)

1137(25.4)

  ≥9 yrs

822(35.9)

1044(47.9)

<0.001

1866(41.7)

Number of complications

  No

850(37.1)

607(27.8)

1457(32.6)

  1-2

1200(52.4)

1212(55.6)

2412(54.0)

  ≥3

241(10.5)

361(16.5)

<0.001

602(13.5)

Continuity of care^‡

  High

1345(58.7)

998(45.8)

2343(52.4)

  Low

946(41.3)

1182(54.2)

<0.001

2128(47.6)

Types of main medical institution attended

  Tertiary hospital

182(7.9)

158(7.2)

340(7.6)

  General hospital

358(15.6)

250(11.5)

608(13.6)

  Hospital

128(5.6)

92(4.2)

220(4.9)

  Clinic

1534(67.0)

1458(66.9)

2992(66.9)

  Public health centre

89(3.9)

222(10.2)

<0.01

311(7.0)

Level of health insurance premium

  Lowest quartile

447(19.5)

484(22.2)

931(20.8)

  Second quartile

420(18.3)

399(18.3)

819(18.3)

  Third quartile

649(28.3)

556(25.5)

1205(27.0)

  Highest quartile

775(33.8)

741(34.0)

0.07

1516(33.9)