Table 2 MOH clusters characterisation
MOH-1 | MOH-2 | MOH-3 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Small drop, overshoot | Medium drop, just recovery | Large drop, non-recovery | ||
N= 1,456 | N= 2,230 | N= 781 | ||
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) | ||||
Baseline SBP (mmHg) | 130.4 (20.7) | 137.2 (21.3) | 144.9 (24.9) | <0.001 Σ |
∆ SBP (mmHg) | −24.1 (10.8) | −40.2 (9.9) | −64.8 (15.2) | <0.001 Σ |
Nadir SBP (mmHg) | 106.3 (22.0) | 97.0 (22.1) | 80.1 (24.5) | <0.001 Σ |
SBP by 30 s (mmHg) | 143.1 (22.9) | 133.8 (23.0) | 122.9 (28.7) | <0.001 Σ |
SBP by 30 s (% baseline) | 110.0 (8.1) | 97.5 (6.6) | 84.5 (11.4) | <0.001 Σ |
SBP by 60 s (mmHg) | 142.5 (23.4) | 134.0 (23.2) | 125.8 (28.9) | <0.001 Σ |
SBP by 60 s (% baseline) | 109.5 (8.2) | 97.6 (6.6) | 86.6 (11.5) | <0.001 Σ |
SBP by 90 s (mmHg) | 142.9 (23.3) | 135.3 (23.0) | 127.3 (30.0) | <0.001 Σ |
SBP by 90 s (% baseline) | 109.9 (8.8) | 98.7 (7.1) | 87.7 (13.0) | <0.001 Σ |
SBP by 110 s (mmHg) | 143.2 (23.5) | 135.3 (22.8) | 126.5 (30.7) | <0.001 Σ |
SBP by 110 s (% baseline) | 110.1 (9.1) | 98.7 (7.1) | 87.1 (13.6) | <0.001 Σ |
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) | ||||
Baseline DBP (mmHg) | 70.7 (10.4) | 74.0 (10.7) | 76.4 (13.1) | <0.001 Σ |
∆ DBP (mmHg) | −18.5 (7.8) | −26.4 (7.5) | −37.5 (9.7) | <0.001 Σ |
Nadir DBP (mmHg) | 52.2 (12.3) | 47.5 (12.8) | 38.9 (14.6) | <0.001 Σ |
DBP by 30 s (mmHg) | 75.6 (11.6) | 72.3 (12.2) | 66.0 (16.0) | <0.001 Σ |
DBP by 90 s (mmHg) | 75.9 (11.3) | 73.1 (11.7) | 68.3 (15.2) | <0.001 Σ |
DBP by 90 s (mmHg) | 75.7 (11.0) | 73.3 (11.6) | 68.6 (15.6) | <0.001 Σ |
DBP by 110 s (mmHg) | 75.8 (11.3) | 73.1 (11.5) | 68.0 (15.7) | <0.001 Σ |
Heart rate (HR) | ||||
Baseline HR (bpm) | 66.4 (10.0) | 65.3 (10.0) | 63.1 (10.0) | <0.001 Σ |
∆ HR (bpm) | 20.6 (8.6) | 19.8 (8.8) | 18.4 (9.5) | <0.001 Σ |
Nadir HR (bpm) | 87.0 (12.6) | 85.1 (13.1) | 81.5 (14.2) | <0.001 Σ |
HR by 30 s (bpm) | 72.6 (11.4) | 72.2 (11.8) | 69.7 (12.2) | <0.001 Σ |
HR by 60 s (bpm) | 74.1 (11.4) | 74.1 (11.5) | 71.8 (12.2) | <0.001 Σ |
HR by 90 s (bpm) | 73.1 (10.9) | 73.1 (11.2) | 71.0 (11.9) | 0.001 Σ |
HR by 110 s (bpm) | 73.1 (10.9) | 73.2 (11.1) | 71.0 (11.9) | 0.001 Σ |
Orthostatic intolerance and blackouts/faints | ||||
OI symptoms during active stand (%) | 33.1 | 39.4 | 44.9 | <0.001 χt |
Ever had a blackout or fainted (%) | 17.8 | 20.2 | 21.6 | 0.07χt |
Demographics | ||||
Age | 61.2 (8.1) | 61.2 (8.1) | 63.6 (9.0) | <0.001 Σ |
Age range | 50 - 89 | 50 - 90 | 50 - 91 | - |
Female gender (%) | 48.8 | 53.4 | 64.4 | <0.001 χt |
Medications | ||||
Polypharmacy (5 or more meds) (%) | 16.7 | 16.8 | 21.0 | 0.02χt |
On cardiac glycosides (e.g. digoxin) (C01A) (%) | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.76χt |
On antiarrhythmics class I and III (C01B) (%) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.58χt |
On beta-blocker (C07A) (%) | 10.4 | 10.4 | 15.7 | <0.001 χt |
On diuretic (C03) (%) | 6.2 | 5.7 | 6.5 | 0.66χt |
On ACE-i (C09A) (%) | 10.1 | 10.9 | 9.7 | 0.58χt |
On ARA (C09C) (%) | 7.8 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 0.48χt |
On calcium channel blocker – with mainly vascular effects (C08C) (%) | 7.3 | 7.3 | 6.4 | 0.66χt |
On calcium channel blocker – with direct cardiac effects (C08D) (%) | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.44χt |
On peripherally acting anti-adrenergic (e.g. alpha-blocker) (C02C) (%) | 0.7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 0.004 χt |
On cardiac vasodilator (e.g. nitrates) (C01D) (%) | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.35χt |
On peripheral vasodilator (C04A) (%) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.92χt |
On antiepileptic (N03A) (%) | 1.8 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 0.33χt |
On antipsychotic (N05A) (%) | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.07χt |
On anxiolytics (N05B) (%) | 1.2 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 0.03χt |
On hypnotics or sedatives (N05C) (%) | 3.4 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 0.36χt |
On antidepressant (N06A) (%) | 4.0 | 5.7 | 10.2 | <0.001 χt |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension (%) | 32.1 | 32.4 | 35.3 | 0.25χt |
Angina (%) | 4.3 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 0.07χt |
Heart attack (%) | 4.3 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 0.51χt |
Heart failure (%) | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.59χt |
Diabetes (%) | 7.4 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 0.21χt |
Stroke (%) | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.89χt |
TIA (%) | 1.3 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 0.56χt |
Abnormal heart rhythm (%) | 6.5 | 7.4 | 7.3 | 0.61χt |
Parkinson’s disease (%) | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.13χt |
3 or more chronic diseases (%) | 23.2 | 23.7 | 26.9 | 0.13χt |
Disability | ||||
Any IADL disability (%) | 3.2 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 0.06χt |
Cognition | ||||
MMSE score | 28.6 (2.0) | 28.7 (1.7) | 28.6 (1.6) | 0.18Σ |