Table 1 Frailty latent classes by gender: cross-sectional correlates and mortality prediction.
Females (N= 15,578) | Males (N= 12,783) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-frail (N= 10,420) | Pre-frail (N= 4,025) | Frail (N= 1,133) | Pvalue | Age-adjusted Pvalue | Non-frail (N= 10,517) | Pre-frail (N= 1,871) | Frail (N= 395) | Pvalue | Age-adjusted Pvalue | |
Frailty phenotype: DFactor model | ||||||||||
Exhaustion: yes (cp) | 0.21 | 0.51 | 0.81 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω | 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.80 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω |
Weight loss: yes (cp) | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.39 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.42 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω |
Handgrip strength: mean (Kg) | 29.4 | 23.7 | 17.9 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω | 45.8 | 36.2 | 26.5 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω |
Slowness: yes (cp) | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.84 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.92 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω |
Low activity: hardly ever, or never (cp) | 0.03 | 0.17 | 0.54 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.62 | <0.001 Ω | <0.001 Ω |
Sociodemographic | ||||||||||
Age: mean (SD) | 60.5 (9.4) | 66.7 (10.9) | 73.3 (11.0) | <0.001 # | - | 62.6 (9.0) | 69.1 (10.4) | 74.0 (10.2) | <0.001 # | - |
Years of education: mean (SD) | 10.3 (4.2) | 8.2 (4.4) | 6.5 (4.4) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 10.9 (4.3) | 8.6 (4.7) | 7.8 (5.0) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
Physical | ||||||||||
Self-rated health (best:1; worst:5): mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.5 (0.9) | 4.2 (0.8) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 2.7 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.0) | 4.4 (0.7) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
No. chronic diseases: mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.8) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 1.2 (1.2) | 2.1 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.7) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
No. symptoms: mean (SD) | 1.2 (1.3) | 2.3 (1.8) | 3.9 (2.3) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 0.9 (1.1) | 2.0 (1.7) | 3.4 (2.1) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
No. contacts with doctor in last year: mean (SD) | 5.0 (7.1) | 9.4 (11.4) | 15.5 (17.0) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 4.9 (7.6) | 10.1 (12.4) | 17.5 (20.2) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
Admitted to hospital in last year (%) | 7.9 | 16.5 | 30.0 | <0.001 χ | <0.001 Δ | 10.4 | 23.5 | 36.7 | <0.001 χ | <0.001 Δ |
Functional | ||||||||||
No. limitations with ADLs: mean (SD) | 0.0 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.7) | 1.1 (1.5) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 0.0 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.9) | 1.3 (1.7) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
No. limitations with IADLs: mean (SD) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.5 (1.0) | 1.8 (1.8) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.5 (1.1) | 1.9 (2.0) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
Received home care: personal/nursing (%) | 1.9 | 5.9 | 18.6 | <0.001 χ | <0.001 Δ | 1.6 | 6.8 | 17.2 | <0.001 χ | <0.001 Δ |
Received home care: domestic tasks (%) | 1.9 | 10.3 | 28.7 | <0.001 χ | <0.001 Δ | 1.0 | 6.9 | 19.2 | <0.001 χ | <0.001 Δ |
Psychological and cognitive | ||||||||||
EURO-D score (min: 0; max: 12) (SD) | 1.9 (1.8) | 3.7 (2.4) | 5.5 (2.6) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 1.4 (1.6) | 3.1 (2.3) | 5.2 (2.7) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
Verbal fluency test score: mean (SD) | 20.2 (7.1) | 16.5 (6.7) | 13.1 (6.0) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 20.1 (7.1) | 15.9 (6.4) | 13.2 (5.7) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
Delayed word recall score: mean (SD) | 3.9 (2.0) | 3.0 (2.0) | 1.9 (1.8) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § | 3.4 (1.9) | 2.5 (1.8) | 1.7 (1.6) | <0.001 # | <0.001 § |
Mortality at Wave 2 | ||||||||||
% dead | 0.7 | 2.6 | 9.2 | <0.001 χ | <0.001 Δ | 2.0 | 8.8 | 22.6 | <0.001 χ | <0.001 Δ |
OR for mortality (95% CI) | 1.0 | 3.7 (2.5-5.3) | 14.2 (9.7-20.8) | - | - | 1.0 | 4.8 (3.7-6.2) | 14.6 (10.3-20.7) | - | - |
Age-adjusted OR for mortality (95% CI) | 1.0 | 2.1 (1.4- 3.0) | 4.8 (3.1- 7.4) | - | - | 1.0 | 3.0 (2.3-4.0) | 6.9 (4.7-10.2) | - | - |