What Lies Beneath: Clinical and Resource-use Characteristics of Institutionalized Older People. A Retrospective, Population-based Cohort Study in Catalonia

Planning population care in a specific health care setting requires deep knowledge of the clinical characteristics of the target care recipients, which tend to be country specific. Our area virtually lacks any descriptive, far-reaching publications about institutionalized older people (IOP). We aimed to investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of institutionalized older people (IOP) ≥65 years old and compare them with those of the rest of the population of the same age. Retrospective analysis (total cohort approach) of clinical and resource-use characteristics of IOP and non-IOP older than 65 years in Catalonia (North-East Spain). Variables analysed included age and sex, diagnoses, morbidity burden—using Adjusted Morbidity Groups (GMA)—, mortality, use of resources, and medications taken. All data were obtained from the administrative database of the local healthcare system. This and (11.7 vs.

There is a growing gap between the clinical and demographic characteristics of agematched IOP and non-IOP, which overlaps with a higher mortality rate of IOP. The profile of resources utilization of IOP compared with non-IOP strongly suggests a deficiency of preventive actions and stresses the need to rethink the care model for IOP from a social and health care perspective.

Background
The persistently announced "epidemiological tsunami" of a great number of people of advanced age with multiple comorbidities, chronic conditions, and complex care needs is already a reality in our setting [1]. Besides the unquestionable impact on the quality of life of the people affected, organizational and/or economic repercussions of this "new reality" on health and social systems are also undeniable due to the use of resources and costs derived from care, as well as dependency-and disability-associated costs.
Beyond the fact that health systems need to keep promoting strategic measures to prevent or delay the occurrence of chronic diseases and disabilities [2], it is also essential to confront the reality of the most vulnerable people, who have high care needs and often reside in nursing homes. Based on the data available, during the first decade of the 21 st century, there was a 150% increase in the number of nursing home beds, going from 37,281 in 2000 to 93,038 in 2011 in Catalonia [3]. This trend has been observed in most European countries, although it seems to have stabilized after 2011 [4].  [5]. Since then, several analyses -most of them 4 led by Gordon's group-have provided information about their health status, the effectiveness of health care models in care homes, and competencies and future challenges that should be faced in upcoming years [6]. However, the information available is still scarce and highly heterogeneous-both regarding terminology and the type of health care provided in each model-, which makes it difficult to draw conclusions about these patients' morbidity and mortality mechanisms.
Faced with this scenario, some authors have stressed the need to gather country-specific information about institutionalized patients to better understand the factors that influence mortality and morbidity and, therefore, the needs of these care models [7]. In response to this unmet need, the prevention and attention to chronicity program from Catalonia's health system (northwest of Spain) has recently included an analysis of the characteristics and needs of institutionalized older people with three initial objectives: 1) describe the evolution-in the last seven years-of epidemiological and clinical characteristics and the mortality of institutionalized older people (IOP) ≥65 years; 2) compare these characteristics with those of non-institutionalized older people (non-IOP) ≥65 years; and 3) compare the use of resources between IOP and non-IOP.

Study Design, Participants, Data Source
This was a retrospective analysis of an administrative database that included all people ≥65 years in Catalonia (northwest of Spain) between 2011 and 2017. IOP were identified by using pharmaceutical dispensing coding data, which are necessary and specific to these people. Those subjects that in the year of inclusion had been living in a nursing home were considered IOP. Within the context of this study, and based on the consensus of the "Integrated medical care model for older people residing in nursing homes", 5 promoted by the local health authorities, the term "nursing home" was defined as any permanent or temporary place for people ≥65 years that do not have a sufficient degree of autonomy to perform daily activities, need constant supervision and live in a socialfamily situation requiring the replacement of their home.
Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from the Catalan Health Surveillance System (CHSS) that, since 2011, collects detailed information about the use of health care of the entire population of Catalonia. This record, which has been analysed in previous publications in other areas [8,9], collects data about hospitalizations, primary care, specialized nursing care centres and mental health networks, information about prescriptions and pharmacy expenses, and a record of invoices, including outpatient visits, specialists, visits to the Emergency Room, non-urgent medical transportation, ambulatory rehabilitation, home oxygen therapy and dialysis. No data about hospital care in private health centres could be collected because these centres use different codes for patient identification.

Variables
Age and sex were the demographic variables used in the study. Clinical variables included diagnoses, as they appear in the CHSS database based on the normal course of clinical practice, and coded according to the International Classification of Diseases system (CIE-9CM). The comorbidity burden was stratified based on the Adjusted Morbidity Groups (GMA), which considers the type of disease-acute or chronic-, number of systems affected, and complexity of each disease, enabling to classify people in four strata based on their morbidity-associated risk: 1) Initial risk (healthy stage), with a GMA score up to the 50 th percentile of the total population; 2) Low risk, with a GMA score between the 50 th -80 th percentiles; 3) Moderate risk, with a GMA score between the 80 th -95 th 6 percentiles; and 4) High risk, with a GMA score above the 95 th percentile [10,11].
In order to describe the evolution of epidemiological and clinical characteristics and the mortality of IOP ≥65 years, a study of biannual, cumulative prevalence was conducted.
The characteristics of IOP ≥65 years were compared with those of non-IOP in the same age group. The use of health resources between both groups for 2017 was also compared.

Statistical Methods
Continuous variables were expressed as mean (standard deviation, SD), and categorical variables as numbers and percentages. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test, and continuous variables were compared using the Student's t-test. The

Institutionalized in Nursing Homes
During the seven-year interval analysed (2011-2017), the number of IOP tended to decrease, with a 27.5% reduction. IOP demographic, morbidity and mortality characteristics, summarized in Table 1, also changed during the analysed period. The prevalence of female subjects progressively increased by 3.5%, and the mean age and mortality increased by 3.9 years and 8.7%, respectively. Likewise, during the years under study, the prevalence of certain diseases in IOP increased, including heart failure (10.5%), COPD (3.0%), asthma (2.0%), chronic renal failure (14.7%), dementia (13.1%), depression (20.9%), stroke-cerebrovascular accident-(11.9%), chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system (16.5%) and decubitus ulcers (3.3%). On the contrary, throughout the seven years analysed, non-IOP demographic, morbidity and mortality characteristics did not undergo any relevant changes ( Table 1).
The analysis-narrowed down to 2017-showed age and sex distribution differences between IOP and non-IOP ( Figure A1, Additional file 1), as well as differences in the prevalence of diseases and chronic conditions between both sexes, of which cardiac failure was the most prevalent with no statistically significant differences between women and men ( Figure A2, Additional file 1). On the other hand, the analysis of the comorbidity burden using GMA narrowed down to 2017 showed differences in the proportion of IOP and non-IOP assigned to a certain risk, with 51% for the IOP high-risk population ( Figure 1).

Comparative Study of Health Resource Use Based on Location
Regarding resource use by non-IOP and IOP (Table 2), significant differences were found in the annual percentage of acute care admissions (27.7% vs. 47.6%)-an even higher difference if only the percentage of urgent admissions is considered (13.6 vs 40.3%)-as well as in mean stay in these centres (7.2 vs. 10.0 days). There were also differences in the percentage of admissions to nursing skilled facilities (7.4% vs. 27.8%). On the contrary, the number of contacts with Primary Care teams had a difference of only 0.11 points between both groups. Regarding the medications taken, significant differences were detected in the number of medications taken and containers dispensed ( Table 2).

Discussion
Data obtained in this observational, retrospective study, including all IOP ≥65 years or non-IOP from nursing homes of Catalonia during 2011-2017, show an increase in IOP mean age and women proportion. Despite observing a reduction in the total number of IOP in our region, these people show greater morbidity, mortality and resource use than non-IOP.
The lack of consensus to define the concept of "nursing home" [12] makes it difficult to 8 compare results from different studies conducted at a national and international level.
However, Spain's official data indicate that the prevalence of IOP in the region where the study was conducted is notably superior than in the rest of the country: 5.9% vs. 3.7% of the total population ≥65 years, respectively [13]. Furthermore, although Spanish data indicate an increase of IOP in the first decade of the century, our data show a progressive reduction-from 7.4% in 2011 to 4.8% in 2017-, a fact that could be related with the economic crisis and the difficulty to afford a nursing home [14]. Regardless of the reasons that may explain this trend, during the second decade of the 21 st century, nursing home occupancy is also in a standstill in other European countries [4].
Another key element, and a constant in most First World health care systems [6,15]. is the tendency to concentrate those people with higher multimorbidities in a nursing home setting, a fact that underlines the imperative need to review/update the health care approach to these centres [16]. Compared to the rest of the population ≥65 years, IOP showed a higher prevalence of most chronic diseases (seven times higher in the case of dementia) and a four-times higher annual mortality. In fact, during the period analysed, mortality and morbidity, which virtually remained constant in non-IOP, increased in IOP despite a 27.5% decrease in the total number of IOP. These observations are consistent with epidemiological studies conducted in our setting, which confirm that the prevalence of IOP in end-of-life transitions is above 50%, with 70% of cases suffering from advanced dementia [17,18]. As mentioned previously [19], to improve IOP care, it is necessary to develop integrated care proposals from social and health care perspectives [20,21]. This was, in fact, one of the motivations to develop the new "Integrated medical care model for institutionalized older people" in our region, the objective of which is to improve the duration and continuity of care of these people.
Consistently with studies recently conducted in our setting [22], our results show that IOP 9 virtually present three times more urgent acute care admissions than the rest of the population ≥65 years; furthermore, our analysis revealed that the mean hospital stay of these patients is twice that of the general population of the same age range. As it has been repeatedly described in the literature, these observations confirm a close relationship between institutionalization and use of resources [23,24]. It is therefore unavoidable to open the debate about the suitability and benefits of these admissions for patients' health [25,26], which are considered appropriate based on classic criteria [22].
In this context, it would be useful to analyse IOP hospitalizations that could be potentially prevented to better improve care planning. Likewise, the medication burden dispensed to IOP is 50% higher than to non-IOP in the same age group. This fact is of special concern since it is estimated that about 40% of this prescribing is inappropriate or suboptimal

Conclusions
Our analysis shows that older people institutionalized in nursing homes tend to be increasingly older and more complex than the rest of the population of the same age. This growing gap between the two groups translates into higher mortality of IOP, which in our area was four times higher than that of non-IOP. Furthermore, the higher use of resources by acute care (especially hospitalizations) and medications of IOP suggests a deficiency of preventive actions. Taken together, our findings stress the need to rethink the care model for IOP from a social and health care perspective. Tables Table 1: Comparative results      IOP -Additional file 1.pdf