Table 3 Comparison of average spatial gait parameters within groups (single- vs dual-task) and between groups (control vs CI group), including dual-task effects (DTEs)

Stride length DTE (%)

-9.07 ± 7.48

-15.33 ± 9.14

U = 144.0

0.079

ST stride length (m)

1.10 ± 0.19

1.06 ± 0.18

U = 118.5

0.525

DT stride length (m)

1.00 ± 0.21

0.91 ± 0.2

U = 131.0

0.236

T = 4.803; p < 0.001*

T = 8.160; p < 0.001*

Speed DTE (%)

-13.94 ± 9.79

-24.39 ± 13.56

T = 2.325

0.028*

ST speed (m/s)

0.98 ± 0.24

0.93 ± 0.25

T = 0.560

0.580

DT speed (m/s)

0.85 ± 0.23

0.71 ± 0.21

T = 1.743

0.093

W = 3.0; p = 0.003*

T = 6.853; p < 0.001*

Strike angle DTE (%)

-17.04 ± 20.04

-25.24 ± 30.65

U = 129.0

0.273

ST strike angle (\(^{\circ }\))

-20.20 ± 7.94

-21.13 ± 7.09

T = 0.335

0.74

DT strike angle (\(^{\circ }\))

-17.48 ± 8.21

-17.14 ± 7.72

U = 105.0

0.965

T = -4.210; p = 0.001*

T = -7.123; p < 0.001*

Liftoff angle DTE (%)

-6.05 ± 5.28

-13.56 ± 9.58

U = 153.0

0.032*

ST liftoff angle (\(^{\circ }\))

53.69 ± 8.77

50.38 ± 7.29

T = 1.110

0.277

DT liftoff angle (\(^{\circ }\))

50.48 ± 8.93

43.87 ± 9.31

T = 1.936

0.063

W = 5.0; p = 0.005*

T = 6.598; p < 0.001*

Min toe clearance DTE (%)

-6.35 ± 18.26

-18.36 ± 22.54

U = 149.0

0.048*

ST min toe clearance (cm)

1.14 ± 0.63

1.60 ± 1.1

U = 65.0

0.087

DT min toe clearance (cm)

1.07 ± 0.62

1.25 ± 0.8

U = 90.0

0.539

T = 1.238; p = 0.239

W = 12.0; p = 0.004*

Heel 3D path len. DTE (%)

-7.28 ± 5.85

-12.23 ± 6.21

T = 2.190

0.037*

ST heel 3D path len. (m)

1.31 ± 0.2

1.29 ± 0.21

T = 0.297

0.769

DT heel 3D path len. (m)

1.22 ± 0.2

1.13 ± 0.21

T = 1.067

0.296

T = 4.531; p < 0.001*

T = 8.063; p < 0.001*

Toe 3D path len. DTE (%)

-9.06 ± 7.23

-14.6 ± 7.63

T = 1.991

0.057

ST toe 3D path len. (m)

1.21 ± 0.23

1.19 ± 0.24

T = 0.277

0.784

DT toe 3D path len. (m)

1.11 ± 0.24

1.02 ± 0.24

U = 125.0

0.357

T = 4.689; p < 0.001*

W = 0.0; p < 0.001*