Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants stratified by cognitive status
Participant Characteristics | Control Group (n=13) | CI group (n=16) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age [years] | 78.5 ± 9.2 (64-93) | 83.5 ± 7.1 (68-96) | 0.107 |
BMI [Kg/m2] | 28.0 ± 4.5 (21.3-33.6)\(^\dagger\) | 25.3 ± 2.5 (20.9-31.0) | 0.114 |
Weight [Kg] | 80.5 ± 15.1 (58-110) | 71.4 ± 13.2 (52-95) | 0.095 |
Height [cm] | 169.7 ± 6.4 (162-182)\(^\dagger\) | 167.6 ± 11.6 (148-184) | 0.529 |
Education [years] | 13.3 ± 4.2 (8-24) | 11.5 ± 1.9 (9-15) | 0.232 |
Female, n (%) | 8 (61.5) | 6 (37.5) | 0.198 |
Hearing problems, n (%) | 7 (53.8) | 6 (37.5) | 0.379 |
Vision problems, n (%) | 7 (53.8) | 7 (43.8) | 0.588 |
Dizziness, n (%) | 3 (23.1) | 8 (50.0) | 0.249 |
Gait problems, n (%) | 8 (61.5) | 10 (62.5) | 1.000 |
Fear of falling | |||
 Never, n (%) | 3 (23.1) | 3 (18.8) | 0.755 |
 Sometimes, n (%) | 7 (53.8) | 9 (56.3) |  |
 Often, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 3 (18.8) |  |
 Always, n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 1 (6.3) |  |
Number of falls in the last 6 months | |||
 Zero, n (%) | 8 (61.5) | 9 (56.3) | 1.000 |
 One, n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 3 (18.8) |  |
 More than one, n (%) | 3 (23.1) | 4 (25.0) |  |
Pain | |||
 No pain, n (%) | 1 (7.7) | 2 (12.5) | 0.869 |
 Less often than daily, n (%) | 6 (46.2) | 9 (56.3) |  |
 Daily, n (%) | 6 (46.2) | 5 (31.3) |  |
Pain severity | |||
 Low, n (%) | 6 (50.0) | 6 (42.9) | 0.640 |
 Medium, n (%) | 4 (33.3) | 7 (50.0) |  |
 Sometimes unbearable, n (%) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (7.1) |  |
Walking aids | |||
 None, n (%) | 8 (61.5) | 5 (31.3) | 0.275 |
 Cane, n (%) | 2 (15.4) | 4 (25.0) |  |
 Walker, n (%) | 3 (23.1) | 7 (43.8) |  |
Physical activity | |||
 >3 times/week, n (%) | 6 (46.2) | 9 (56.3) | 0.387 |
 1-3 times/week, n (%) | 7 (53.8) | 5 (31.3) |  |
 1 time/week, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (12.5) |  |
 Never, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |  |
Cognitive tests | |||
 MoCA Score | 25.7 ± 1.8 (24-30) | 21.0 ± 1.6 (17-23) | <0.001* |
 TMT A Time [s] | 51.1 ± 12.6 (30.5-68.8) | 77.8 ± 32.5 (42.3-155.0) | 0.016* |
 TMT B Time [s] | 147.5 ± 74.0 (55.1-340.8) | 264.4 ± 99.9 (91.4-386.6) | 0.002* |
 CWIT inhibition time [s] | 76.0 ± 24.2 (56.4-136.7) | 110.3 ± 40.6 (59.5-187.5) | 0.010* |
 WMSR Score | 5.7 ± 1.2 (4-8) | 4.9 ± 1.2 (3-7) | 0.078 |
Physical tests | |||
 SPPB Score | 7.9 ± 1.3 (5-9) | 7.0 ± 1.6 (4-9) | 0.076 |
 MSTS Nr of repetitions | 14.3 ± 8.5 (0-26) | 14.9 ± 6.2 (5-32) | 0.742 |