The association between loneliness and life satisfaction: examining spirituality, religiosity, and religious participation as moderators

Table 4 Interaction of loneliness with spirituality, religiosity and religious participation on low life satisfaction (LLS) among older adults

Variables	Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 1	Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 2	Adjusted OR (95% CI) Model 3
Loneliness X Spirituality
No X No	Ref.
No X Yes	0.42*** (0.36–0.49)
Yes X No	1.53** (1.07–2.20)
Yes X Yes	0.68*** (0.55–0.84)
Loneliness X Religiosity
No X No		Ref.
No X Yes		0.80*** (0.69–0.93)
Yes X No		1.51*** (1.23–1.87)
Yes X Yes		1.32*** (1.12–1.55)
Loneliness X Religious participation
No X No			Ref.
No X Yes			0.86* (0.73–1.01)
Yes X No			1.66*** (1.36–2.04)
Yes X Yes			1.37*** (1.15–1.63)
Pseudo R-Square	0.0883	0.0897	0.0881
Observations	30,177	30,177	30,177

*if p < 0.05, **if p < 0.01, ***if p < 0.001; Adjusted OR: Odds Ratio Adjusted for all socio-demographic, behavioural and health-related factors

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