Table 1 Socio-demographic and health characteristics of study participants (n = 31,464)

Age (in years)

-

60–69

58.51

18,974

70–79

30.20

9,101

80+

11.29

3,389

Sex

-

Male

47.45

15,098

Female

52.55

16,366

Marital status

-

Currently in union

61.63

19,920

Not in union

38.37

11,544

Living arrangement

-

Alone

5.68

1,622

With spouse

20.33

6,215

Others

73.99

23,627

Level of education

-

No/primary

74.02

22,729

Secondary

18.24

6,106

Higher

7.74

2,629

Work status

-

Never worked

26.43

8,784

Not working

36.45

10,990

Working

29.87

8,997

Retired

7.25

2,693

Spirituality

1080

No

12.54

3,574

Yes

87.46

26,810

Religiosity

572

No

21.24

6,068

Yes

78.76

24,824

Religious participation

54

No

19.31

5,140

Yes

80.69

26,270

Physical activity

266

No

68.90

21,653

Yes

31.10

9,545

Tobacco use

252

No

59.83

19,034

Yes

40.17

12,178

Alcohol consumption

245

No

85.41

25,855

Yes

14.59

5,364

SRH

666

Good

75.79

23,685

Poor

24.21

7,113

Multimorbid

91

No

75.95

23,576

Yes

24.05

7,797

ADL functioning

128

High

76.23

24,642

Low

23.77

6,694

IADL functioning

169

High

51.64

17,449

Low

48.36

13,846

Loneliness

1070

No

62.75

19,399

Yes

37.25

10,995

MPCE quintile

-

Poorest

21.7

6,484

Poorer

21.71

6,477

Middle

20.95

6,416

Richer

19.19

6,170

Richest

16.45

5,917

Religion

-

Hindu

82.22

23,037

Muslim

11.28

3,731

Others

6.50

4,696

Caste

-

SC/ST

27.03

10,313

OBC

45.23

11,886

Others

27.74

9,265

Place of residence

-

Urban

29.45

10,739

Rural

70.55

20,725

Region

-

North

12.59

5,812

Central

20.95

4,262

East

23.64

5,757

Northeast

2.97

3,752

South

22.68

7,578

West

17.17

4,303