Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors of CPSP at three and six months

Living alone

No

1

0.228

Yes

0.829 (0.612–1.124)

Preoperative pain at surgical site

No

1

0.444

1

0.813

Yes

1.154 (0.800-1.665)

1.057 (0.666–1.679)

Preoperative pain elsewhere

No

1

0.171

Yes

1.289 (0.896–1.853)

Current smoker

No

1

0.069

Yes

1.368 (0.976–1.918)

Osteoarthritis

No

1

0.666

1

0.687

Yes

1.094 (0.727–1.648)

1.099 (0.695–1.738)

HADS-A score

< 8

1

< 0.001

1

< 0.001

≥ 8

2.244 (1.693–2.973)

2.397 (1.745–3.294)

HADS-D score

< 8

1

< 0.001

1

0.006

≥ 8

1.709 (1.292–2.261)

1.565 (1.136–2.156)

Type of surgery

Urological

1

1

Breast

1.400 (0.679–2.888)

0.362

1.510 (0.649–3.513)

0.339

Thoracic

1.193 (0.721–1.973)

0.492

1.272 (0.693–2.336)

0.437

General

0.754 (0.482–1.180)

0.217

0.766 (0.439–1.338)

0.349

Orthopedic

1.927 (1.112–3.341)

0.019

2.484 (1.220–5.061)

0.012

Surgical approach

Minimal invasive

1

0.494

1

0.628

Open

1.135 (0.790–1.630)

1.116 (0.715–1.744)

Type of anesthesia

General

1

0.038

Regional

0.515 (0.275–0.964)

Average pain intensity at rest within 24 h postoperatively

1.317 (1.191–1.457)

< 0.001

1.317 (1.177–1.475)

< 0.001