| 3 months | 6 months | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chronic pain (n = 379) | No chronic pain (n = 686) | P-value | Chronic pain (n = 229) | No chronic pain (n = 836) | P-value | |
Age (year, mean ± SD) | 70 ± 7 | 71 ± 8 | 0.336 | 70 ± 7 | 70 ± 8 | 0.379 |
Sex, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.203 | Â | Â | 0.857 |
 Male | 185 (48.8) | 307 (44.8) |  | 107 (46.7) | 385 (46.1) |  |
 Female | 194 (51.2) | 379 (55.2) |  | 122 (53.3) | 451 (53.9) |  |
BMI (Kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 24.1 ± 2.2 | 24.0 ± 2.1 | 0.308 | 24.1 ± 2.2 | 24.0 ± 2.1 | 0.377 |
Living alone, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.155 | Â | Â | 0.290 |
 No | 267 (70.4) | 511 (74.5) |  | 161 (70.3) | 617 (73.8) |  |
 Yes | 112 (29.6) | 175 (25.5) |  | 68 (29.7) | 219 (26.2) |  |
Preoperative pain at surgical site, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 No | 180 (47.5) | 430 (62.7) |  | 103 (45.0) | 507 (60.6) |  |
 Yes | 199 (52.5) | 256 (37.3) |  | 126 (55.0) | 329 (39.4) |  |
Preoperative pain elsewhere, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.229 | Â | Â | 0.104 |
 No | 274 (72.3) | 519 (75.7) |  | 161 (70.3) | 632 (75.6) |  |
 Yes | 105 (27.7) | 167 (24.3) |  | 68 (29.7) | 204 (24.4) |  |
Current smoker, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.121 | Â | Â | 0.566 |
 No | 295 (77.8) | 561 (81.8) |  | 181 (79.0) | 675 (80.7) |  |
 Yes | 84 (22.2) | 125 (18.2) |  | 48 (21.0) | 161 (19.3) |  |
Diabetes, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.438 | Â | Â | 0.455 |
 No | 252 (66.5) | 472 (68.8) |  | 151 (65.9) | 573 (68.5) |  |
 Yes | 127 (33.5) | 214 (31.2) |  | 78 (34.1) | 263 (31.5) |  |
Hypertension, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.467 | Â | Â | 0.646 |
 No | 211 (55.7) | 366 (53.4) |  | 121 (52.8) | 456 (54.5) |  |
 Yes | 168 (44.3) | 320 (46.6) |  | 108 (47.2) | 380 (45.5) |  |
Coronary heart disease, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.362 | Â | Â | 0.774 |
 No | 288 (76.0) | 538 (78.4) |  | 176 (76.9) | 650 (77.8) |  |
 Yes | 91 (24.0) | 148 (21.6) |  | 53 (23.1) | 186 (22.2) |  |
Osteoarthritis, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.029 | Â | Â | 0.006 |
 No | 320 (84.4) | 611 (89.1) |  | 188 (82.1) | 743 (88.9) |  |
 Yes | 59 (15.6) | 75 (10.9) |  | 41 (17.9) | 93 (11.1) |  |
ASA physical status, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.272 | Â | Â | 0.877 |
 I | 172 (45.4) | 316 (46.1) |  | 106 (46.3) | 382 (45.7) |  |
 II | 193 (50.9) | 356 (51.9) |  | 116 (50.7) | 433 (51.8) |  |
 IV | 14 (3.7) | 14 (2.0) |  | 7 (3.1) | 21 (2.5) |  |
HADS-A score, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 < 8 | 210 (55.4) | 512 (74.6) |  | 117 (51.1) | 605 (72.4) |  |
 ≥ 8 | 169 (44.6) | 174 (25.4) |  | 112 (48.9) | 231 (27.6) |  |
HADS-D score, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | 0.001 |
 < 8 | 207 (54.6) | 464 (67.6) |  | 123 (53.7) | 548 (65.6) |  |
 ≥ 8 | 172 (45.4) | 222 (32.4) |  | 106 (46.3) | 288 (34.4) |  |
Type of surgery, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Urological | 43 (11.3) | 112 (16.3) |  | 23 (10.0) | 132 (15.8) |  |
 Breast | 23 (6.1) | 37 (5.4) |  | 15 (6.6) | 45 (5.4) |  |
 Thoracic | 55 (14.5) | 103 (15.0) |  | 33 (14.4) | 125 (15.0) |  |
 General | 94 (24.8) | 259 (37.8) |  | 50 (21.8) | 303 (36.2) |  |
 Orthopedic | 164 (43.3) | 175 (25.5) |  | 108 (47.2) | 231 (27.6) |  |
Surgical approach, n (%) |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Minimal invasive | 196 (51.7) | 456 (66.5) |  | 108 (47.2) | 544 (65.1) |  |
 Open | 183 (48.3) | 230 (33.5) |  | 121 (52.8) | 292 (34.9) |  |
Type of anesthesia, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.877 | Â | Â | 0.149 |
 General | 342 (90.2) | 617 (89.9) |  | 212 (92.6) | 747 (89.4) |  |
 Regional | 37 (9.8) | 69 (10.1) |  | 17 (7.4) | 89 (10.6) |  |
Nerve block use, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.230 | Â | Â | 0.288 |
 No | 201 (53.0) | 390 (56.9) |  | 120 (52.4) | 471 (56.3) |  |
 Yes | 178 (47.0) | 296 (43.1) |  | 109 (47.6) | 365 (43.7) |  |
Duration of surgery (min, mean ± SD) | 123 ± 45 | 126 ± 45 | 0.335 | 127 ± 54 | 124 ± 45 | 0.416 |
Average pain intensity at rest within 24 h postoperatively (mean ± SD) | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 0.627 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 0.223 |
Average pain intensity on movement within 24 h postoperatively (mean ± SD) | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 3.7 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 | 4.3 ± 1.4 | 3.8 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 |
Surgical site infection, n (%) | Â | Â | 0.852 | Â | Â | 0.539 |
 No | 344 (90.8) | 625 (91.1) |  | 206 (90.0) | 763 (91.3) |  |
 Yes | 35 (9.2) | 61 (8.9) |  | 23 (10.0) | 73 (8.7) |  |