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Table 3 Univariate analyses of potential risk factors of CPSP at three and six months after surgery

From: A prospective study of chronic postsurgical pain in elderly patients: incidence, characteristics and risk factors

 

3 months

6 months

Chronic pain (n = 379)

No chronic pain (n = 686)

P-value

Chronic pain (n = 229)

No chronic pain (n = 836)

P-value

Age (year, mean ± SD)

70 ± 7

71 ± 8

0.336

70 ± 7

70 ± 8

0.379

Sex, n (%)

  

0.203

  

0.857

 Male

185 (48.8)

307 (44.8)

 

107 (46.7)

385 (46.1)

 

 Female

194 (51.2)

379 (55.2)

 

122 (53.3)

451 (53.9)

 

BMI (Kg/m2, mean ± SD)

24.1 ± 2.2

24.0 ± 2.1

0.308

24.1 ± 2.2

24.0 ± 2.1

0.377

Living alone, n (%)

  

0.155

  

0.290

 No

267 (70.4)

511 (74.5)

 

161 (70.3)

617 (73.8)

 

 Yes

112 (29.6)

175 (25.5)

 

68 (29.7)

219 (26.2)

 

Preoperative pain at surgical site, n (%)

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 No

180 (47.5)

430 (62.7)

 

103 (45.0)

507 (60.6)

 

 Yes

199 (52.5)

256 (37.3)

 

126 (55.0)

329 (39.4)

 

Preoperative pain elsewhere, n (%)

  

0.229

  

0.104

 No

274 (72.3)

519 (75.7)

 

161 (70.3)

632 (75.6)

 

 Yes

105 (27.7)

167 (24.3)

 

68 (29.7)

204 (24.4)

 

Current smoker, n (%)

  

0.121

  

0.566

 No

295 (77.8)

561 (81.8)

 

181 (79.0)

675 (80.7)

 

 Yes

84 (22.2)

125 (18.2)

 

48 (21.0)

161 (19.3)

 

Diabetes, n (%)

  

0.438

  

0.455

 No

252 (66.5)

472 (68.8)

 

151 (65.9)

573 (68.5)

 

 Yes

127 (33.5)

214 (31.2)

 

78 (34.1)

263 (31.5)

 

Hypertension, n (%)

  

0.467

  

0.646

 No

211 (55.7)

366 (53.4)

 

121 (52.8)

456 (54.5)

 

 Yes

168 (44.3)

320 (46.6)

 

108 (47.2)

380 (45.5)

 

Coronary heart disease, n (%)

  

0.362

  

0.774

 No

288 (76.0)

538 (78.4)

 

176 (76.9)

650 (77.8)

 

 Yes

91 (24.0)

148 (21.6)

 

53 (23.1)

186 (22.2)

 

Osteoarthritis, n (%)

  

0.029

  

0.006

 No

320 (84.4)

611 (89.1)

 

188 (82.1)

743 (88.9)

 

 Yes

59 (15.6)

75 (10.9)

 

41 (17.9)

93 (11.1)

 

ASA physical status, n (%)

  

0.272

  

0.877

 I

172 (45.4)

316 (46.1)

 

106 (46.3)

382 (45.7)

 

 II

193 (50.9)

356 (51.9)

 

116 (50.7)

433 (51.8)

 

 IV

14 (3.7)

14 (2.0)

 

7 (3.1)

21 (2.5)

 

HADS-A score, n (%)

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 < 8

210 (55.4)

512 (74.6)

 

117 (51.1)

605 (72.4)

 

 ≥ 8

169 (44.6)

174 (25.4)

 

112 (48.9)

231 (27.6)

 

HADS-D score, n (%)

  

< 0.001

  

0.001

 < 8

207 (54.6)

464 (67.6)

 

123 (53.7)

548 (65.6)

 

 ≥ 8

172 (45.4)

222 (32.4)

 

106 (46.3)

288 (34.4)

 

Type of surgery, n (%)

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Urological

43 (11.3)

112 (16.3)

 

23 (10.0)

132 (15.8)

 

 Breast

23 (6.1)

37 (5.4)

 

15 (6.6)

45 (5.4)

 

 Thoracic

55 (14.5)

103 (15.0)

 

33 (14.4)

125 (15.0)

 

 General

94 (24.8)

259 (37.8)

 

50 (21.8)

303 (36.2)

 

 Orthopedic

164 (43.3)

175 (25.5)

 

108 (47.2)

231 (27.6)

 

Surgical approach, n (%)

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

 Minimal invasive

196 (51.7)

456 (66.5)

 

108 (47.2)

544 (65.1)

 

 Open

183 (48.3)

230 (33.5)

 

121 (52.8)

292 (34.9)

 

Type of anesthesia, n (%)

  

0.877

  

0.149

 General

342 (90.2)

617 (89.9)

 

212 (92.6)

747 (89.4)

 

 Regional

37 (9.8)

69 (10.1)

 

17 (7.4)

89 (10.6)

 

Nerve block use, n (%)

  

0.230

  

0.288

 No

201 (53.0)

390 (56.9)

 

120 (52.4)

471 (56.3)

 

 Yes

178 (47.0)

296 (43.1)

 

109 (47.6)

365 (43.7)

 

Duration of surgery (min, mean ± SD)

123 ± 45

126 ± 45

0.335

127 ± 54

124 ± 45

0.416

Average pain intensity at rest within 24 h postoperatively (mean ± SD)

2.0 ± 0.9

2.0 ± 0.9

0.627

2.1 ± 0.9

2.0 ± 0.9

0.223

Average pain intensity on movement within 24 h postoperatively (mean ± SD)

4.2 ± 1.3

3.7 ± 1.3

< 0.001

4.3 ± 1.4

3.8 ± 1.3

< 0.001

Surgical site infection, n (%)

  

0.852

  

0.539

 No

344 (90.8)

625 (91.1)

 

206 (90.0)

763 (91.3)

 

 Yes

35 (9.2)

61 (8.9)

 

23 (10.0)

73 (8.7)

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