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Table 1 Summary characteristics of the participants at baseline (N = 3,135)

From: The mediating effect of leisure activities in the relationship between depression and cognitive decline in middle age and older adults in Taiwan

Variables

Female(n = 1565)

Mean (SD)

Male(n = 1570)

Mean (SD)

t/x2

p

Age a,b

61.52 ± 8.78

62.33 ± 9.26

-2.51

0.0122

 50-64yrs

1044(66.71)

984(62.68)

8.42

0.0148

 65-75yrs

336(21.47)

349(22.23)

  

 >=75yrs

185(11.82)

237(15.10)

  

Educational level a

  

313.84

< 0.0001

 Illiterate

387(24.73)

89(5.67)

  

 Primary education

793(50.67)

740(47.13)

  

 Junior/high school education

298(19.04)

493(31.4)

  

 College degree or above

87(5.56)

248(15.80)

  

Spouse a

  

124.50

< 0.0001

 Yes

1,090(69.65)

1353(86.18)

  

 No

475(30.35)

217(13.82)

  

Cigarette Smoking a

  

675.73

< 0.0001

 Yes

45(2.88)

651(41.46)

  

 No

1,520(97.12)

919(58.54)

  

Alcohol Drinking a

  

454.86

< 0.0001

 Yes

248(15.85)

815(51.91)

  

 No

1317(84.15)

755(48.09)

  

PA b

1.66 ± 1.33

1.68 ± 1.35

-0.29

0.7723

Dep-S b

4.75 ± 5.28

3.28 ± 4.42

8.49

< 0.0001

Cog-S b

8.57 ± 0.74

8.77 ± 0.54

-8.85

< 0.0001

MO b

2.28 ± 3.83

1.10 ± 2.88

9.81

< 0.0001

Int-LA b

2.10 ± 1.16

2.65 ± 1.12

-13.55

< 0.0001

Phy-LA b

0.97 ± 0.82

1.02 ± 0.83

-1.97

0.0485

Soc-LA b

0.65 ± 0.48

0.71 ± 0.45

-4.02

< 0.0001

Gar-LA b

0.38 ± 0.49

0.34 ± 0.47

2.49

0.0129

  1. a: Chi square test; b: Two-sample t test; Dep-S = Depression scores; Cog-S = Cognitive functioning scores; PA = Total Physical Activity; Int-LA = Intellectual-Leisure Activities; Phy-LA = Physical-Leisure Activities; Soc-LA = Social-Leisure Activities; Gar-LA = Gardening-Leisure Activities; MO = Mobility function