Translation Guide [20] | Identified potentially problematic questions, phrases or terms that may be difficult to translate conceptually. Wrote equivalent terms or phrases through free-listing techniques. Provided translation guide to translators. |
2 translations of survey from English to Vietnamese. Bilingual native Vietnamese speaker, who was familiar with geriatric knowledge and patient-centered care. Translators documented challenging phrases or uncertainties, as well as rationale for word choices. | |
Bilingual native English speaker, who was unfamiliar with geriatric knowledge and patient-centered care. Translators documented challenging phrases or uncertainties, as well as rationale for word choices. 3 researchers, compared back translation to original English survey to resolve discrepancies by consensus. | |
Expert Panel Review using Content Validity Indexing [20] | Utilized Content Validity Indexing (CVI) method to evaluate equivalence and relevance of survey questions. 7 bilingual practicing nurses, physicians, and researchers with content and/or methodological expertise. Rated content, construct, and conceptual relevance of questions to nursing practice in Vietnam. Evaluated semantic and technical equivalence of translation. Provided comments about responses. |
Finalize Translation [20] | Finalized translation based on CVI feedback. Documented all problem questions for reference during data collection and analysis. |
Trained data collectors. Conducted test run of instrument in the field. Documented all problem questions for reference. | |
Pilot [20] | Collected data at health facilities. |