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Table 1 Illustration of Systematic Cross-Cultural Translation and Evaluation Process

From: Evidence-based geriatric knowledge among healthcare providers in Vietnam: adaptation, validation, and pilot of the knowledge about older patients quiz

Translation Guide [20]

Identified potentially problematic questions, phrases or terms that may be difficult to translate conceptually.

Wrote equivalent terms or phrases through free-listing techniques.

Provided translation guide to translators.

Forward Translation [21, 28]

2 translations of survey from English to Vietnamese.

Bilingual native Vietnamese speaker, who was familiar with geriatric knowledge and patient-centered care.

Translators documented challenging phrases or uncertainties, as well as rationale for word choices.

Back Translation [21, 28]

Bilingual native English speaker, who was unfamiliar with geriatric knowledge and patient-centered care.

Translators documented challenging phrases or uncertainties, as well as rationale for word choices.

3 researchers, compared back translation to original English survey to resolve discrepancies by consensus.

Expert Panel Review using Content Validity Indexing [20]

Utilized Content Validity Indexing (CVI) method to evaluate equivalence and relevance of survey questions.

7 bilingual practicing nurses, physicians, and researchers with content and/or methodological expertise.

Rated content, construct, and conceptual relevance of questions to nursing practice in Vietnam.

Evaluated semantic and technical equivalence of translation.

Provided comments about responses.

Finalize Translation [20]

Finalized translation based on CVI feedback.

Documented all problem questions for reference during data collection and analysis.

Pre-test [21, 28]

Trained data collectors.

Conducted test run of instrument in the field.

Documented all problem questions for reference.

Pilot [20]

Collected data at health facilities.