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Table 4 Verbal, Performance and Full-scale IQ change scores regressed on perceived stress and covariates

From: Midlife perceived stress is associated with cognitive decline across three decades

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

a) Verbal IQ change

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

Sex (F = 1/M = 0)

0.07

−0.05;0.19

−0.03

−0.13;0.08

−0.04

−0.15;0.07

Young adult test age

−0.03

−0.15;0.09

−0.00

−0.11:0.10

0.01

−0.10;0.12

Midlife test age

−0.03

−0.16;0.09

0.05

−0.06;0.16

0.05

−0.06;0.16

Parental SEP

0.15*

0.01;0.29

0.24***

0.12;0.37

0.25***

0.12;0.37

Education

−0.16*

−0.29;-0.02

0.15*

0.02;0.29

0.15*

0.02;0.29

Midlife perceived stress (PSS)

0.00

−0.12;0.12

−0.12*

−0.23;-0.01

−0.15*

−0.27;-0.02

Young adult verbal IQ

  

−0.62***

−0.75;-0.50

−0.61***

−0.73;-0.49

Young adult neuroticism

    

0.06

−0.09:0.21

Neuroticism change

    

0.01

−0.12;0.13

Explained variance (R2)

3.2%

 

24.0%

 

24.3%

 

Explained by PSS

0.0%

 

1.3%

 

1.4%

 

b) Performance IQ change

      

Sex (F = 1/M = 0)

0.10

−0.02;0.22

0.10

−0.02;0.21

0.09

−0.02;0.21

Young adult test age

−0.02

−0.14;0.10

−0.03

−0.15;0.08

−0.02

−0.14;0.09

Midlife test age

0.01

−0.11;0.13

0.06

−0.06;0.17

0.05

−0.06;0.17

Parental SEP

0.12

−0.02;0.26

0.11

−0.03;0.24

0.11

−0.03;0.24

Education

−0.07

−0.21;0.06

0.04

−0.09;0.18

0.04

−0.09;0.18

Midlife perceived stress (PSS)

−0.21***

−0.33;-0.10

−0.25***

−0.35;-0.13

−0.20**

−0.34;-0.06

Young adult performance IQ

  

−0.30***

−0.42;-0.19

−0.30***

−0.41;-0.18

Young adul neuroticism

    

−0.05

−0.20;0.11

Neuroticism change

    

−0.12

−0.26;0.01

Explained variance (R2)

5.0%

 

12.5%

 

13.7%

 

Explained by PSS

4.0%

 

5.4%

 

2.6%

 
 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

c) Full-scale IQ change

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

β

95% CI

Sex (F = 1/M = 0)

0.11

−0.01;0.22

0.05

−0.06;0.17

0.04

−0.07;0.15

Young adult test age

−0.03

−0.15;0.09

−0.02

−0.14;0.09

−0.01

−0.12;0.11

Midlife test age

−0.01

−0.13;0.11

−0.06

−0.05;0.18

0.06

−0.05;0.17

Parental SEP

0.17*

0.03;0.30

0.21**

0.08;0.34

0.22**

0.09;0.34

Education

−0.15*

−0.28;-0.02

0.10

−0.04;0.24

0.10

−0.04;0.24

Midlife perceived stress (PSS)

−0.12*

−0.24;-0.00

−0.21***

−0.32;-0.10

−0.21**

−0.34;-0.08

Young adult Full-scale IQ

  

−0.48***

−0.61;-0.35

−0.47***

−0.60;-0.35

Young adult neuroticism

    

0.03

−0.12;0.19

Neuroticism change

    

−0.05

−0.18;0.08

Explained variance (R2)

4.1%

 

17.5%

 

18.2%

 

Explained by PSS

1.3%

 

3.8%

 

3.0%

 
  1. SEP Socioeconomic position. Standardized beta coefficients
  2. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001