From: Midlife perceived stress is associated with cognitive decline across three decades
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
a) Verbal IQ change | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI |
Sex (F = 1/M = 0) | 0.07 | −0.05;0.19 | −0.03 | −0.13;0.08 | −0.04 | −0.15;0.07 |
Young adult test age | −0.03 | −0.15;0.09 | −0.00 | −0.11:0.10 | 0.01 | −0.10;0.12 |
Midlife test age | −0.03 | −0.16;0.09 | 0.05 | −0.06;0.16 | 0.05 | −0.06;0.16 |
Parental SEP | 0.15* | 0.01;0.29 | 0.24*** | 0.12;0.37 | 0.25*** | 0.12;0.37 |
Education | −0.16* | −0.29;-0.02 | 0.15* | 0.02;0.29 | 0.15* | 0.02;0.29 |
Midlife perceived stress (PSS) | 0.00 | −0.12;0.12 | −0.12* | −0.23;-0.01 | −0.15* | −0.27;-0.02 |
Young adult verbal IQ | −0.62*** | −0.75;-0.50 | −0.61*** | −0.73;-0.49 | ||
Young adult neuroticism | 0.06 | −0.09:0.21 | ||||
Neuroticism change | 0.01 | −0.12;0.13 | ||||
Explained variance (R2) | 3.2% | 24.0% | 24.3% | |||
Explained by PSS | 0.0% | 1.3% | 1.4% | |||
b) Performance IQ change | ||||||
Sex (F = 1/M = 0) | 0.10 | −0.02;0.22 | 0.10 | −0.02;0.21 | 0.09 | −0.02;0.21 |
Young adult test age | −0.02 | −0.14;0.10 | −0.03 | −0.15;0.08 | −0.02 | −0.14;0.09 |
Midlife test age | 0.01 | −0.11;0.13 | 0.06 | −0.06;0.17 | 0.05 | −0.06;0.17 |
Parental SEP | 0.12 | −0.02;0.26 | 0.11 | −0.03;0.24 | 0.11 | −0.03;0.24 |
Education | −0.07 | −0.21;0.06 | 0.04 | −0.09;0.18 | 0.04 | −0.09;0.18 |
Midlife perceived stress (PSS) | −0.21*** | −0.33;-0.10 | −0.25*** | −0.35;-0.13 | −0.20** | −0.34;-0.06 |
Young adult performance IQ | −0.30*** | −0.42;-0.19 | −0.30*** | −0.41;-0.18 | ||
Young adul neuroticism | −0.05 | −0.20;0.11 | ||||
Neuroticism change | −0.12 | −0.26;0.01 | ||||
Explained variance (R2) | 5.0% | 12.5% | 13.7% | |||
Explained by PSS | 4.0% | 5.4% | 2.6% | |||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
c) Full-scale IQ change | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI |
Sex (F = 1/M = 0) | 0.11 | −0.01;0.22 | 0.05 | −0.06;0.17 | 0.04 | −0.07;0.15 |
Young adult test age | −0.03 | −0.15;0.09 | −0.02 | −0.14;0.09 | −0.01 | −0.12;0.11 |
Midlife test age | −0.01 | −0.13;0.11 | −0.06 | −0.05;0.18 | 0.06 | −0.05;0.17 |
Parental SEP | 0.17* | 0.03;0.30 | 0.21** | 0.08;0.34 | 0.22** | 0.09;0.34 |
Education | −0.15* | −0.28;-0.02 | 0.10 | −0.04;0.24 | 0.10 | −0.04;0.24 |
Midlife perceived stress (PSS) | −0.12* | −0.24;-0.00 | −0.21*** | −0.32;-0.10 | −0.21** | −0.34;-0.08 |
Young adult Full-scale IQ | −0.48*** | −0.61;-0.35 | −0.47*** | −0.60;-0.35 | ||
Young adult neuroticism | 0.03 | −0.12;0.19 | ||||
Neuroticism change | −0.05 | −0.18;0.08 | ||||
Explained variance (R2) | 4.1% | 17.5% | 18.2% | |||
Explained by PSS | 1.3% | 3.8% | 3.0% |