Table 1 Exercise list and descriptions (COP = centre of pressure)
Training area (level 1) | Task description | Position | Mode | Difficulty regulation (level 3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Static balance | Participant / exercising person must maintain balance while shifting her/his COP through whole body movements | Standing bipodal or standing with one leg on foot platform, one behind | Static foot platform | - load on one leg - hands/torso reaching - inclined plane - dual task exercises - squats - leg raises |
Dynamic balance | Participant / exercising person must maintain balance while the foot platform simulates changing terrain and moves in predefined directions/patterns | Standing bipodal or standing with one leg on foot platform, one behind | Active foot platform | - load on one leg - variation in movement planes - higher amplitude of motion - hands reaching - dual task exercises |
Sensory integration (dynamic balance + visual integration) | Participant / exercising person must maintain balance on various simulated surfaces using visual-motor or proprioceptive integration | Standing bipodal or sitting | Static, active, passive foot platform, active, passive seat | - eyes closed - reaching - unstable surface - dual task exercises |
Reactive balance | Participant / exercising person must maintain balance while the foot platform is movable and follows her/his movements | Standing bipodal or standing with one leg on foot platform, one behind | Active, passive foot platform | - load on one leg - hands/torso reaching - dual task exercises - platform gives impulses |
Gait speed (dynamic balance + reactive balance) | Participant / exercising person must maintain balance while the foot platform simulates changing terrain or follows her/his movements | Standing bipodal or standing with one leg on foot platform, one behind | Active, passive foot platform | - load on one leg - platform gives impulses - torso/hands reaching - variation in movement planes |
Limits of stability | Participant / exercising person must maintain balance while moving her/his COP through whole body movements following predefined patterns | Standing bipodal | Static, active, passive foot platform | - reaching (with load) - higher amplitude of motion - variation in movement planes - variation in movement patterns |
Sit to stand | Participant / exercising person must maintain balance in a sitting position while moving actively or to compensate seat movement | Sitting or standing bipodal | Active, passive seat, static, active foot platform | - increasing seat movement - torso reaching - sit to stand - inclined plane - squats |
Maintenance | Participant / exercising person must maintain balance while doing exercises from all training areas | Standing bipodal or standing with one leg on foot platform, one behind or sitting | Static, active, passive foot platform, static, active seat | Regulation through measures from all other training areas |