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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients with and without diagnosed behavioral symptoms 12 months post dementia diagnosis

From: Economic outcomes associated with diagnosed behavioral symptoms among patients with dementia in the United States: a health care claims database analysis

Baseline Characteristics

With diagnosed behavioral symptoms

N = 10,408

Without diagnosed behavioral symptoms

N = 52,493

P-value

Age

 Mean (SD)

84.4 (7.6)

84.3 (7.6)

0.3092

Age-group N (%)

 65–69

367 (3.5)

1,971 (3.7)

0.4396

 70–74

821 (7.9)

4,080 (7.8)

 75–79

1,485 (14.3)

7,486 (14.3)

 80–84

2,232 (21.4)

11,582 (22.1)

 85 + 

5,503 (52.9)

27,374 (52.1)

Index Year N (%)

 2016

7,509 (72.2)

38,669 (73.7)

0.0008

 2017

2,073 (19.9)

10,129 (19.3)

 2018

826 (7.9)

3,695 (7.0)

Gender N (%)

 Female

6,253 (60.1)

32,547 (62.0)

0.0002

 Male

4,155 (39.9)

19,946 (38.0)

Plan Type N (%)

 Comprehensive

5,503 (52.9)

27,040 (51.5)

 < .0001

 Exclusive Provider Organization

2 (0.0)

22 (0.0)

 Health Maintenance Organization

409 (3.9)

2,193 (4.2)

 Point of service

146 (1.4)

855 (1.6)

 Preferred Provider Organizations

4,010 (38.5)

20,298 (38.7)

 Point of service with capitation

165 (1.6)

1,241 (2.4)

 Consumer-driven health plan

44 (0.4)

270 (0.5)

 High deductible health plan

6 (0.1)

58 (0.1)

 Unknown (Missing)

123 (1.2)

516 (1.0)

Urbanicity N (%)

 Rural

2,629 (25.3)

13,576 (25.9)

0.2020

 Urban

7,779 (74.7)

38,917 (74.1)

Geographic Region N (%)

 Northeast

2,972 (28.5)

14,250 (27.1)

 < .0001

 North Central

3,690 (35.4)

17,474 (33.3)

 South

2,913 (28.0)

15,929 (30.3)

 West

822 (7.9)

4,778 (9.1)

 Unknown

11 (0.1)

62 (0.1)

Clinical Characteristics

Elixhauser Index Score

  Mean (SD)

5.4 (4.7)

4.6 (4.4)

 < .0001

Comorbidities in the baseline period N (%)

  Congestive Heart Failure

1,734 (16.7)

7,259 (13.8)

 < .0001

  Cardiac Arrhythmia

3,119 (30.0)

13,623 (26.0)

 < .0001

  Valvular Disease

1,287 (12.4)

5,666 (10.8)

 < .0001

  Pulmonary Circulation Disorders

353 (3.4)

1,450 (2.8)

0.0006

  Peripheral Vascular Disorders

2,417 (23.2)

10,051 (19.1)

 < .0001

  Hypertension Uncomplicated

6,920 (66.5)

32,477 (61.9)

 < .0001

  Hypertension Complicated

1,232 (11.8)

5,116 (9.7)

 < .0001

  Paralysis

258 (2.5)

943 (1.8)

 < .0001

  Other Neurological Disorders

2,985 (28.7)

11,215 (21.4)

 < .0001

  Chronic Pulmonary Disease

1,846 (17.7)

8,072 (15.4)

 < .0001

  Diabetes Uncomplicated

2,506 (24.1)

11,489 (21.9)

 < .0001

  Diabetes Complicated

1,694 (16.3)

7,880 (15)

0.0011

  Hypothyroidism

1,839 (17.7)

8,682 (16.5)

0.0051

  Renal Failure

1,461 (14.0)

6,382 (12.2)

 < .0001

  Liver Disease

208 (2.0)

908 (1.7)

0.0615

  Peptic Ulcer Disease, excluding bleeding

85 (0.8)

336 (0.6)

0.0482

  AIDS/HIV

6 (0.1)

32 (0.1)

1.0000

  Lymphoma

71 (0.7)

457 (0.9)

0.0596

  Metastatic Cancer

83 (0.8)

374 (0.7)

0.3436

  Solid Tumor without Metastasis

810 (7.8)

3,903 (7.4)

0.2214

  Rheumatoid Arthritis/collagen

366 (3.5)

1,772 (3.4)

0.4773

  Coagulopathy

375 (3.6)

1,503 (2.9)

 < .0001

  Obesity

415 (4.0)

1,927 (3.7)

0.1192

  Weight Loss

824 (7.9)

2,984 (5.7)

 < .0001

  Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders

2,000 (19.2)

6,922 (13.2)

 < .0001

  Blood Loss Anemia

173 (1.7)

684 (1.3)

0.0047

  Deficiency Anemia

783 (7.5)

3,130 (6.0)

 < .0001

  Alcohol Abuse

178 (1.7)

525 (1.0)

 < .0001

  Drug Abuse

91 (0.9)

299 (0.6)

0.0006

  Depression

2,743 (26.4)

9,237 (17.6)

 < .0001

Medications N (%)

  Antidepressant Medications

4829 (46.4)

20,959 (39.9)

 < .0001

  Antipsychotic Medications

2397 (23.0)

5173 (9.9)

 < .0001

  ASH/Benzodiazepines

1882 (18.1)

6250 (11.9)

 < .0001

  ASH not elsewhere classified

605 (5.8)

2,365 (4.5)

 < .0001

  1. Continuous variables were evaluated using t-tests, and categorical variables were evaluated using chi-squared tests. P-values in bold format are the significantly different variables (< 5% level of significance)
  2. ASH Anxiolytic, sedative, and hypnotic, SD standard deviation