| Healthy control | Central obesity | p value | Sarcopenia | Sarcopenic obesity | p value | p valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All subjects | 1167 | 858 | Â | 814 | 132 | Â | Â |
Age, years (Mean ± SE) | 71.9 ± 0.2 | 72.2 ± 0.2 | 0.213 | 73.5 ± 0.2 | 74.0 ± 0.5 | 0.337 |  < 0.001 |
 65 − 69 | 456 (38.4) | 345 (34.9) | 0.503 | 210 (26.9) | 28 (20.6) | 0.658 |  < 0.001 |
 70 − 74 | 375 (30.5) | 295 (33.8) |  | 251 (27.5) | 46 (30.2) |  |  |
 75 − 79 | 219 (19.6) | 141 (20.2) |  | 214 (26.8) | 36 (28.3) |  |  |
  ≥ 80 | 117 (11.4) | 77 (11.1) |  | 139 (18.8) | 22 (21.0) |  |  |
Sex |  |  | 0.028 |  |  | 0.002 |  < 0.001 |
 Male | 432 (37.0) | 269 (31.3) |  | 512 (60.1) | 62 (42.9) |  |  |
 Female | 735 (63.0) | 589 (68.7) |  | 302 (39.9) | 70 (57.1) |  |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | 0.288 | Â | Â | 0.017 | 0.003 |
 Spouse/partner present | 759 (61.7) | 537 (58.7) |  | 589 (68.9) | 81 (56.0) |  |  |
 Spouse/partner absent (separated, divorced, widowed, or never married) | 406 (38.3) | 318 (41.3) |  | 222 (31.1) | 51 (44.0) |  |  |
Educational level | Â | Â | 0.943 | Â | Â | 0.092 | 0.290 |
 Elementary school graduate or less | 878 (75.0) | 640 (75.1) |  | 561 (69.9) | 99 (79.0) |  |  |
 Middle school graduate | 113 (10.0) | 93 (10.5) |  | 106 (13.4) | 18 (12.0) |  |  |
 High school graduate | 116 (9.8) | 85 (9.9) |  | 93 (10.3) | 11 (6.8) |  |  |
 College graduate or more | 55 (5.2) | 38 (4.5) |  | 48 (6.4) | 4 (2.1) |  |  |
Household income | Â | Â | 0.386 | Â | Â | 0.172 | 0.125 |
 First quartile (lowest) | 618 (51.2) | 445 (51.3) |  | 471 (58.0) | 65 (47.3) |  |  |
 Second quartile | 287 (25.1) | 203 (23.3) |  | 181 (23.1) | 37 (28.4) |  |  |
 Third quartile | 148 (13.9) | 98 (12.6) |  | 78 (10.1) | 22 (17.7) |  |  |
 Fourth quartile (highest) | 96 (9.8) | 101 (12.8) |  | 67 (8.9) | 5 (6.6) |  |  |
Smoking |  |  | 0.070 |  |  | 0.009 |  < 0.001 |
 Never-smokers | 739 (62.1) | 581 (67.0) |  | 340 (41.5) | 72 (56.9) |  |  |
 Former smokers | 120 (11.7) | 86 (11.8) |  | 137 (17.0) | 13 (10.1) |  |  |
 Current smokers | 307 (26.2) | 191 (21.2) |  | 337 (41.5) | 47 (33.0) |  |  |
Frequency of binge drinking | Â | Â | 0.971 | Â | Â | 0.301 | 0.602 |
 Lifetime abstainer | 611 (52.2) | 443 (52.2) |  | 375 (46.9) | 78 (58.3) |  |  |
 Never in the previous year | 317 (26.9) | 225 (25.6) |  | 252 (30.4) | 24 (21.0) |  |  |
 Once a month or less | 139 (12.1) | 112 (12.7) |  | 104 (11.4) | 17 (10.9) |  |  |
 Once a week | 53 (5.2) | 46 (5.8) |  | 40 (6.0) | 7 (5.2) |  |  |
 Almost daily | 46 (3.7) | 31 (3.7) |  | 41 (5.3) | 6 (4.6) |  |  |
Presence of diabetes |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.019 |  < 0.001 |
 No | 981 (82.0) | 614 (70.5) |  | 612 (72.9) | 89 (65.8) |  |  |
 Yes | 105 (9.3) | 170 (18.5) |  | 98 (13.2) | 29 (24.2) |  |  |
 Unknown | 81 (8.7) | 74 (11.0) |  | 104 (13.9) | 14 (10.0) |  |  |