Table 2 Results of bivariable multinomial logit model analyses of explanatory variables with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for predicting incident reversible cognitive frailty (RCF) and potentially RCF (PRCF) over the 2-year study period

Age (years)

1.06 (1.02 ~ 1.11)

0.007

1.14 (1.08 ~ 1.20)

 < 0.001

Women (vs. men)

1.34 (0.88 ~ 2.03)

0.171

2.12 (1.12 ~ 3.99)

0.021

Body-mass index

 Normal weight

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Underweight

1.77 (0.67 ~ 4.71)

0.252

0.96 (0.18 ~ 5.11)

0.966

 Overweight and obese

0.97 (0.62 ~ 1.52)

0.887

1.23 (0.63 ~ 2.40)

0.543

Educational level

 College or above

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Senior and junior high

0.87 (0.55 ~ 1.37)

0.545

1.27 (0.62 ~ 2.60)

0.505

 Elementary or lower

1.04 (0.52 ~ 2.08)

0.919

4.52 (2.01 ~ 10.2)

 < 0.001

Income per month

 Low

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 Middle

0.74 (0.47 ~ 1.16)

0.190

0.58 (0.30 ~ 1.11)

0.098

 High

0.86 (0.48 ~ 1.56)

0.623

0.21 (0.06 ~ 0.74)

0.015

Regular exercise (≥ 3 times per week)

1.06 (0.59 ~ 1.94)

0.839

0.51 (0.24 ~ 1.08)

0.077

Current smoking (vs. no)

1.00 (0.36 ~ 2.82)

1.000

0.41 (0.05 ~ 3.41)

0.410

Alcohol consumption (vs. no)

0.89 (0.50 ~ 1.58)

0.696

0.39 (0.13 ~ 1.18)

0.096

Number of comorbidities

 0 or 1

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 2 or 3

1.04 (0.66 ~ 1.63)

0.868

2.15 (1.04 ~ 4.48)

0.040

  ≥ 4

1.68 (0.89 ~ 3.18)

0.109

4.55 (1.88 ~ 11.0)

0.001

Number of medications

 0 or 1

1.00 (reference)

1.00 (reference)

 2 or 3

0.82 (0.50 ~ 1.37)

0.457

0.88 (0.40 ~ 1.92)

0.742

  ≥ 4

1.37 (0.75 ~ 2.50)

0.312

2.02 (0.86 ~ 4.73)

0.105

Tinetti balance (0 ~ 24)

0.99 (0.82 ~ 1.19)

0.889

0.73 (0.60 ~ 0.89)

0.002

ABC scale (0 ~ 100)

0.96 (0.94 ~ 0.98)

0.001

0.93 (0.90 ~ 0.96)

 < 0.001

ADL score (< 28 vs. ≥ 28)

2.22 (0.43 ~ 11.6)

0.345

9.77 (1.91 ~ 49.8)

0.006

GDS score (> 5 vs. ≤ 5)

1.57 (0.64 ~ 3.85)

0.321

5.33 (2.06 ~ 13.8)

0.001

Cognitive measure

 MMSE score

0.88 (0.79 ~ 0.97)

0.014

0.69 (0.61 ~ 0.79)

 < 0.001

MDRS domains

 Attention

0.87 (0.67 ~ 1.11)

0.259

0.74 (0.53 ~ 1.03)

0.071

 Conceptualization

1.02 (0.94 ~ 1.11)

0.627

0.89 (0.80 ~ 0.99)

0.039

 Construction

0.88 (0.59 ~ 1.30)

0.512

0.75 (0.45 ~ 1.27)

0.284

 Initiation/perseveration

0.98 (0.93 ~ 1.03)

0.385

0.92 (0.86 ~ 0.98)

0.012

 Memory

0.92 (0.82 ~ 1.03)

0.144

0.79 (0.89 ~ 0.91)

0.001

DSST score

0.99 (0.98 ~ 1.01)

0.336

0.93 (0.91 ~ 0.96)

 < 0.001

Gait characteristics

 Velocity (cm/s)

0.99 (0.98 ~ 0.99)

0.009

0.95 (0.94 ~ 0.97)

 < 0.001

 Cadence (steps/min)

0.99 (0.97 ~ 1.00)

0.112

0.95 (0.93 ~ 0.98)

 < 0.001

 Step width (cm)

0.97 (0.94 ~ 0.99)

0.012

0.88 (0.84 ~ 0.92)

 < 0.001

 Stride length (cm)

0.98 (0.97 ~ 0.99)

0.011

0.94 (0.92 ~ 0.96)

 < 0.001

 Stride length variability (%)

1.06 (0.95 ~ 1.18)

0.336

1.19 (1.04 ~ 1.37)

0.013

 Stride time variability (%)

1.01 (0.89 ~ 1.15)

0.849

1.30 (1.11 ~ 1.51)

0.001

 Swing time variability (%)

0.99 (0.93 ~ 1.05)

0.692

1.12 (1.04 ~ 1.21)

0.003

 Double-support time variability (%)

1.05 (0.99 ~ 1.11)

0.070

1.11 (1.03 ~ 1.19)

0.006