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Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria according to the PICO framework

From: Implementation strategies to support fall prevention interventions in long-term care facilities for older persons: a systematic review

Population

Inclusion:

 • All staff members in LTCFs* working with older people (aged 65 and above)

 • Mixed population LTCFs were included where the intervention implementation in the older population was reported separately

 • Mixed settings (i.e., including staff in rehabilitation units) were included only if LTCF-related data was reported separately

  *LTCFs are defined by the WHO as follows: “Long-term care services include traditional health service such as management of chronic geriatric conditions, rehabilitation, palliation, promotion and preventative services that enable older people, who experience significant declines in capacity, to receive the care and support that allow them to live a life consistent with their basic rights, fundamental freedoms and human dignity” [38]; this includes nursing homes and care homes

Exclusion:

 • The intervention was not directed at the staff of the LTCF

 • Studies included only individuals aged under 65, or had data that was not reported separately for the older people within a mixed-age population

 • Studies relating only to specific sub-populations in LTCFs (e.g., long-stay mental health residents, people with cognitive issues, intellectual disability, etc.)

 • Studies conducted outside of an LTCF

Intervention

Inclusion: Fall prevention interventions, whether a single-component or multifactorial/multicomponent intervention, where there was an implementation strategy or implementation process described

Exclusion: Studies where the implementation strategy or process was not described

Comparison

Inclusion: Usual care or other interventions

Exclusion:There was no restriction on the comparator used in eligible studies

Outcomes

Inclusion/Exclusion:

The studies were not restricted based on the reported outcomes

Our main focus was implementation outcomes (e.g., adoption, fidelity, etc.) [34]We also collated clinical outcomes in terms of the fall-related outcomes (noting that these were reported in various ways, such as fall risk reduction, fall rate reduction, time to first fall, occurrence of injurious falls, etc.) and staff-related outcomes