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Table 3 Factors associated with muscle weaknessa for men (n = 3084) and women (n = 4551). ELSI-Brazil, 2019–2021

From: Nationwide handgrip strength values and factors associated with muscle weakness in older adults: findings from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil)

Variables

Men

Women

Unadjusted

Adjustedb

Unadjusted

Adjustedc

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

OR (95% CI)

Sociodemographic

Racial self-classification (vs. white)

Non-white

1.07 (0.82; 1.40)

-

1.15 (0.88; 1.49)

-

Place of residence (vs. urban)

Rural

1.53 (1.02; 2.31)*

-

1.19 (0.76; 1.86)

-

Schooling (years) (vs. ≥ 12)

0–4

2.70 (1.61; 4.51)**

2.45 (1.46; 4.12)**

2.52 (1.59; 4.01)**

1.90 (1.18; 3.06)*

5–8

1.72 (0.97; 3.05)

1.58 (0.88; 2.85)

1.86 (1.12; 3.09)*

1.46 (0.86; 2.47)

9–11

1.54 (0.83; 2.87)

1.53 (0.82; 2.87)

1.94 (1.19; 3.17)*

1.62 (0.98; 2.69)

Monthly household income per capita in tertiles (R$) (vs. high)

Low

1.59 (1.07; 2.37)*

-

2.02 (1.55; 2.65)**

1.78 (1.37; 2.32)**

Middle

1.35 (0.92; 1.98)

-

1.48 (1.14; 1.94)*

1.32 (1.01; 1.73)*

Anthropometric

Body mass index (kg/m2) (vs. eutrophic)

Underweight

1.42 (0.77; 2.63)

1.42 (0.77; 2.62)

1.28 (0.67; 2.42)

1.08 (0.55; 2.14)

Overweight

0.63 (0.50; 0.79)**

0.66 (0.52; 0.83)**

0.92 (0.74; 1.14)

0.87 (0.71; 1.07)

Obese

0.46 (0.29; 0.71)**

0.49 (0.31; 0.78)*

0.70 (0.53; 0.93)*

0.69 (0.52; 0.92)*

Waist circumference (cm) (vs. adequate)

Increased

0.58 (0.45; 0.75)**

-

1.04 (0.78; 1.38)

-

  1. OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, R$ reais
  2. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.001. F-adjusted mean residual goodness-of-fit test: bp = 0.180; cp = 0.946
  3. aMuscle weakness was defined as values lower than the 20th percentile specific for age group and sex (see values in Table 2)
  4. Monthly household income per capita in tertiles: low (≤ R$ 750.00), middle (> R$ 750.00 to R$ 1250.00), and high (> R$ 1250.00 to R$ 40,000.00)
  5. Body mass index: underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), eutrophic (18.5 to < 25.0 kg/m2), overweight (25.0 to < 30.0 kg/m2), and obese (≥ 30.0 kg/m2)
  6. Waist circumference: adequate (men ≤ 94 cm; women ≤ 80 cm) and increased (men > 94 cm; women > 80 cm)
  7. All estimates considered the complex sample design and survey weights
  8. b Model adjusted for schooling and body mass index
  9. c Model adjusted for schooling, monthly household income per capita, and body mass index