Table 3 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression for high PAA in all participants

Male (vs. female)

2.33

1.57, 3.47

< 0.001

1.68

1.03, 2.73

0.039

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²

(vs. < 25 kg/m²)

1.35

0.90, 2.02

HIV status

1.43

0.91, 2.23

0.12

1.18

0.68, 2.04

0.56

Waist circumference, cm (per unit increase)

1.03

1.01, 1.05

0.006

1.00

0.97, 1.02

0.70

 Never/ ex-smoker

 current

2.85

1.54, 5.27

0.001

2.74

1.30, 5.79

0.008

 Never/ ex-smoker

 current

1.29

0.69, 2.40

Diabetes mellitus

4.29

2.37, 7.76

< 0.001

2.97

1.48, 5.99

0.002

Hypertension

2.26

1.52, 3.36

< 0.001

1.67

1.02, 2.72

0.040

Statin use

1.50

0.99, 2.28

0.055

1.04

0.62, 1.73

0.88

HDL-cholesterol

≤40 mg/dL (vs. > 40 mg/dL)

1.49

0.97, 2.27

LDL-cholesterol

≥130 mg/dL (vs. < 130 mg/dL)

0.86

0.58, 1.25

Triglycerides

≥150 mg/dL (vs. < 150 mg/dL)

1.31

0.90, 1.90

ALT, IU/mL (per unit increase)

1.01

1.00, 1.02

0.035

1.01

1.00, 1.02

0.10

Insulin, IU/mL (per unit increase)

1.05

1.02, 1.08

IL-6, pg/ml (per unit increase)

1.10

1.05, 1.15

< 0.001

1.09

1.04, 1.15

0.001

 Normal

 Pre-frailty

1.14

0.75, 1.72

0.539

1.05

0.66, 1.67

0.83

 Frailty

4.98

1.94, 12.8

0.001

3.82

1.33, 10.93

0.012