| Overall cohort | Females | Males | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p value | |
Gender |  |  | < 0.001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Male | 1.00 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Female | 0.15 | 0.07, 0.29 | < 0.001 |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Age (year) | 1.04 | 1.00, 1.08 | 0.044 | 1.03 | 0.98, 1.08 | 0.225 | 1.02 | 0.96, 1.10 | 0.476 |
Ethnicity | Â | Â | 0.829 | Â | Â | 0.346 | Â | Â | 0.633 |
 Chinese | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Non-Chinese | 0.92 | 0.45, 1.90 | 0.829 | 0.63 | 0.24, 1.66 | 0.346 | 1.34 | 0.41, 4.38 | 0.633 |
MUST risk | Â | Â | 0.002 | Â | Â | 0.001 | Â | Â | 0.576 |
 Medium | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 High | 2.11 | 1.32, 3.36 | 0.002 | 2.61 | 1.46, 4.67 | 0.001 | 1.27 | 0.55, 2.96 | 0.576 |
Calf circumference (cm) | 0.78 | 0.70, 0.87 | < 0.001 | 0.77 | 0.67, 0.88 | < 0.001 | 0.79 | 0.63, 0.98 | 0.033 |
Bone mass (100 g) | 0.77 | 0.70, 0.85 | < 0.001 | 0.82 | 0.73, 0.92 | < 0.001 | 0.58 | 0.46, 0.73 | < 0.001 |
Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly score | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 | 0.145 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 | 0.094 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 | 0.354 |
Education | Â | Â | 0.075 | Â | Â | 0.003 | Â | Â | 0.624 |
 No formal education | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Secondary level or equivalent | 1.22 | 0.72, 2.05 | 0.462 | 1.18 | 0.62, 2.26 | 0.615 | 1.05 | 0.41, 2.71 | 0.922 |
 A level or equivalent | 0.57 | 0.31, 1.04 | 0.065 | 0.33 | 0.15, 0.70 | 0.004 | 2.09 | 0.65, 6.80 | 0.218 |
 University and above | 1.02 | 0.48, 2.20 | 0.952 | 1.04 | 0.37, 2.96 | 0.936 | 1.12 | 0.32, 3.86 | 0.862 |
Smoking status |  |  | 0.168 |  |  | 0.653 |  |  | 0.227 |
 Non-smoker | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
 Past smoker | 0.63 | 0.31, 1.26 | 0.190 | 0.95 | 0.17, 5.22 | 0.949 | 0.49 | 0.21, 1.16 | 0.107 |
 Daily / occasional smoker | 1.76 | 0.63, 4.96 | 0.282 | 3.44 | 0.25, 47.85 | 0.357 | 1.10 | 0.32, 3.84 | 0.878 |
Alcohol consumption | Â | Â | 0.293 | Â | Â | 0.599 | Â | Â | 0.415 |
 None | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  | 1.00 |  |  |
  < once a month | 1.44 | 0.73, 2.83 | 0.297 | 1.53 | 0.67, 3.50 | 0.313 | 1.31 | 0.37, 4.70 | 0.678 |
  ≥ once a month | 1.69 | 0.77, 3.70 | 0.188 | 1.12 | 0.31, 4.07 | 0.858 | 2.05 | 0.70, 6.00 | 0.188 |