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Table 3 Factors associated with sarcopenia using univariate logistic regression

From: Prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults at risk of malnutrition

 

Overall cohort

Females

Males

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

Odds ratio

95% CI

p value

Gender

  

0.224

      

 Male (ref)

1.00

        

 Female

0.80

0.55, 1.15

       

Age (year)

1.07

1.03, 1.10

< 0.001

1.06

1.02, 1.10

0.003

1.08

1.02, 1.13

0.005

Age

  

0.003

  

0.092

  

0.009

  < 75 years (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

  ≥ 75 years

1.79

1.23, 2.62

 

1.50

0.94, 2.41

 

2.34

1.23, 4.43

 

MUST Score

2.54

1.75, 3.70

< 0.001

2.76

1.72, 4.44

< 0.001

2.25

1.23, 4.14

0.009

MUST risk

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  

0.001

 Medium (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 High

3.46

2.31, 5.18

 

3.70

2.24, 6.13

 

3.09

1.57, 6.09

 

Ethnicity

  

0.187

  

0.603

  

0.252

 Chinese (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Non-Chinese

1.49

0.83, 2.68

 

1.24

0.55, 2.80

 

1.66

0.70, 3.93

 

Education

  

0.002

  

< 0.001

  

0.372

 No formal education (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Secondary level or equivalent

0.91

0.60, 1.40

0.683

0.91

0.53, 1.56

0.738

0.92

0.45, 1.87

0.816

 A level or equivalent

0.42

0.26, 0.70

< 0.001

0.29

0.15, 0.54

< 0.001

0.87

0.35, 2.14

0.759

 University and above

0.49

0.26, 0.93

0.028

0.54

0.23, 1.26

0.155

0.43

0.17, 1.14

0.090

Housing type

  

0.108

  

0.188

  

0.085

 HDB 1–3 room flats (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 HDB 4–5 room flats

0.64

0.42, 0.97

0.035

0.68

0.41, 1.13

0.135

0.57

0.28, 1.18

0.129

 Private properties

0.73

0.45, 1.20

0.220

1.04

0.56, 1.94

0.897

0.39

0.17, 0.90

0.028

Smoking status

  

0.108

  

0.425

  

0.296

 Non-smoker (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Past smoker

0.96

0.59, 1.58

0.887

0.80

0.20, 3.15

0.751

0.84

0.44, 1.58

0.582

 Daily / occasional smoker

2.37

1.05, 5.36

0.037

3.77

0.48, 29.52

0.206

1.83

0.70, 4.75

0.215

Alcohol consumption

  

0.414

  

0.759

  

0.476

 None (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Less than once a month

0.75

0.44, 1.28

0.287

0.79

0.40, 1.54

0.486

0.67

0.28, 1.64

0.380

  ≥ once a month

1.24

0.66, 2.35

0.504

0.84

0.29, 2.43

0.754

1.34

0.58, 3.09

0.490

Number of prescribed drugs currently taking

  

0.137

  

0.488

  

0.172

 0 (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 1–5

1.43

0.97, 2.12

0.072

1.24

0.76, 2.02

0.387

1.85

0.96, 3.57

0.065

  > 5

1.57

0.89, 2.78

0.120

1.52

0.73, 3.14

0.261

1.67

0.66, 4.20

0.279

Modified Barthel Index score

1.02

0.95, 1.09

0.586

1.01

0.94, 1.09

0.719

1.03

0.89, 1.21

0.671

Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly score

1.00

0.99, 1.00

0.002

1.00

0.99, 1.00

0.014

1.00

0.99, 1.00

0.051

Total Charlson Comorbidity score

1.03

0.56, 1.92

0.916

1.25

0.43, 3.65

0.689

0.87

0.41, 1.86

0.722

Body weight (kg)

0.91

0.88, 0.93

< 0.001

0.87

0.83, 0.92

< 0.001

0.81

0.75,0 .87

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

0.53

0.45, 0.61

< 0.001

0.55

0.46, 0.66

< 0.001

0.48

0.37, 0.63

< 0.001

BMI

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  

< 0.001

  < 18.5 kg/m2 (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 18.5–24.9 kg/m2

0.25

0.16, 0.38

< 0.001

0.23

0.14, 0.40

< 0.001

0.28

0.14, 0.56

< 0.001

Fat mass (kg)

0.97

0.92, 1.02

0.220

0.96

0.90, 1.03

0.261

1.03

0.91, 1.15

0.667

Bone mass (100 g)

0.83

0.79, 0.88

< 0.001

0.73

0.66, 0.80

< 0.001

0.52

0.43, 0.63

< 0.001

Mid upper arm circumference (cm)

0.78

0.72, 0.84

< 0.001

0.77

0.69, 0.85

< 0.001

0.73

0.64, 0.84

< 0.001

Calf circumference (cm)

0.68

0.62, 0.74

< 0.001

0.65

0.58, 0.73

< 0.001

0.63

0.53, 0.75

< 0.001

25-hydroxyvitamin D (μg/L)

1.00

0.98, 1.02

0.906

1.00

0.98, 1.03

0.676

0.99

0.97, 1.02

0.549

25-hydroxyvitamin D status

  

0.017

  

0.021

  

0.413

 Sufficient, 30 – < 100 μg/L (ref)

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Insufficient, 20 – < 30 μg/L

0.63

0.43, 0.93

0.019

0.53

0.32, 0.88

0.014

0.85

0.45, 1.58

0.602

 Deficient, < 20 μg/L

1.16

0.68, 1.98

0.589

0.99

0.52, 1.90

0.985

1.72

0.61, 4.84

0.308

Pre-albumin (mg/dL)

1.03

0.99, 1.07

0.197

0.98

0.93, 1.03

0.451

1.08

1.02, 1.15

0.013

Creatinine (μmol/L)

1.00

0.99, 1.01

0.601

0.99

0.97, 1.00

0.056

1.00

0.99, 1.01

0.773

Dietary protein intake (g/d)

0.98

0.97, 0.99

< 0.001

0.98

0.97, 1.00

0.016

0.97

0.95, 0.99

0.003

Total energy intake (kcal/d)

1.00

1.00, 1.00

0.004

1.00

1.00, 1.00

0.143

1.00

1.00, 1.00

< 0.001

Energy-adjusted protein intake (g/d)

0.98

0.97, 1.00

0.041

0.98

0.96, 1.00

0.052

0.99

0.96, 1.02

0.414

Leg strength (kg)

0.95

0.91, 0.99

0.007

0.96

0.91, 1.01

0.090

0.92

0.86, 0.98

0.007

Handgrip endurance (s)

1.00

0.99, 1.00

0.017

1.00

0.99, 1.00

0.114

0.99

0.99, 1.00

0.047

Total SPPB score

0.81

0.73, 0.90

< 0.001

0.84

0.75, 0.95

0.005

0.74

0.61, 0.90

0.002

Total balance test score

0.71

0.52, 0.97

0.034

0.79

0.56, 1.11

0.176

0.43

0.18, 1.01

0.053

5-time chair stand test score

0.72

0.61, 0.85

< 0.001

0.77

0.63, 0.94

0.011

0.65

0.48, 0.86

0.003

Gait speed test score

0.74

0.59, 0.92

0.007

0.74

0.56, 0.97

0.028

0.72

0.49, 1.08

0.114