Table 1 Muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance of participants

Low ASMI, n (%)

 Yes

560 (81)

337 (79)

223 (84)

0.070

333 (78)

227 (84)

0.050

 No

134 (19)

92 (21)

42 (16)

92 (22)

42 (16)

Low handgrip strength, n (%)

 Yes

578 (83)

363 (85)

215 (81)

0.232

327 (77)

251 (93)

< 0.001

 No

116 (17)

66 (15)

50 (19)

98 (23)

18 (7)

5-time chair stand test ≥ 12 s, n (%)

 Yes

544 (78)

332 (77)

212 (80)

0.417

311 (73)

233 (87)

< 0.001

 No

150 (22)

97 (23)

53 (20)

114 (27)

36 (14)

Sarcopenia, n (%)

 Yes

530 (76)

321 (75)

209 (79)

0.223

308 (73)

222 (83)

0.002

 No

164 (24)

108 (25)

56 (21)

117 (27)

47 (17)

Severe sarcopenia, n (%)

 Yes

393 (57)

237 (55)

156(60)

0.349

203 (48)

190 (71)

< 0.001

 No

301 (43)

192 (45)

109 (41)

222 (52)

79 (29)

ASMI (kg/m²)

5.73 ± 0.03

5.32 ± 0.02

6.39 ± 0.04

< 0.001

5.76 ± 0.04

5.68 ± 0.05

0.196

Handgrip strength (kg)

17.4 ± 0.2

14.3 ± 0.2

22.3 ± 0.4

< 0.001

18.3 ± 0.3

16.0 ± 0.4

< 0.001

Handgrip endurance (s)

71.5 ± 2.0

70.7 ± 2.6

72.8 ± 3.0

0.616

76.6 ± 2.6

63.5 ± 2.9

0.001

Leg strength (kg)

12.0 ± 0.2

11.2 ± 0.2

13.4 ± 0.3

< 0.001

12.5 ± 0.2

11.4 ± 0.3

0.002

SPPB score

9.2 ± 0.1

9.2 ± 0.1

9.3 ± 0.1

0.707

9.8 ± 0.1

8.3 ± 0.1

< 0.001

4-m usual gait speed (m/s)

0.87 ± 0.01

0.87 ± 0.01

0.88 ± 0.01

0.458

0.94 ± 0.01

0.76 ± 0.02

< 0.001

5-time chair stand test duration (s)

15.7 ± 0.2

15.7 ± 0.2

15.8 ± 0.3

0.706

14.7 ± 0.2

17.3 ± 0.4

< 0.001