Table 1 Baseline of characteristics among total sample and different teeth groups

Age (mean, SD)

87.6 ± 9.5

92.7 ± 7.7

86.4 ± 9.0

80.3 ± 8.6

< 0.001

number of teeth (mean, SD)

8.9 ± 9.8

0.0 ± 0.0

9.4 ± 5.9

27.0 ± 2.6

< 0.001

MMSE (mean, SD)

23.2 ± 6.6

20.9 ± 7.6

23.9 ± 5.9

25.7 ± 5.0

< 0.001

Calf circumference (mean, SD)

31.7 ± 6.1

31.8 ± 6.3

31.6 ± 6.1

32.0 ± 5.8

0.688

ADL scores (mean, SD)

7.9 ± 3.0

8.5 ± 3.3

7.7 ± 2.9

7.4 ± 2.7

0.032

Age group (n %)

< 0.001

 < 75

34 (9.3%)

2 (1.6%)

19 (10.2%)

13 (23.2%)

 > = 75

331 (90.7%)

120 (98.4%)

168 (89.8%)

43 (76.8%)

Sex (n %)

0.529

 Male

154 (42.2%)

56 (45.9%)

77 (41.2%)

21 (37.5%)

 Female

211 (57.8%)

66 (54.1%)

110 (58.8%)

35 (62.5%)

Marital statue (n %)

0.013

 Married

62 (17.4%)

11 (9.5%)

38 (20.5%)

13 (23.2%)

 Divorced

8 (2.2%)

2 (1.7%)

2 (1.1%)

4 (7.1%)

 Widowed

269 (75.4%)

95 (81.9%)

137 (74.1%)

37 (66.1%)

 Never married

18 (5.0%)

8 (6.9%)

8 (4.3%)

2 (3.6%)

Education group (n %)

< 0.001

 0 year

190 (55.7%)

76 (65.0%)

98 (56.0%)

16 (32.6%)

 > = 1 year

151 (44.3%)

41 (35.0%)

77 (44.0%)

33 (67.4%)

Hypertension (n %)

0.079

 No

144 (41.7%)

56 (49.1%)

71 (40.1%)

17 (31.5%)

 Yes

201 (58.3%)

58 (50.9%)

106 (59.9%)

37 (68.5%)

Diabetes (n %)

0.604

 No

258 (83.2%)

81 (84.4%)

137 (84.1%)

40 (78.4%)

 Yes

52 (16.8%)

15 (15.6%)

26 (15.9%)

11 (21.6%)

Heart disease (n %)

0.326

 No

207 (65.1%)

67 (65.0%)

110 (67.9%)

30 (56.6%)

 Yes

111 (34.9%)

36 (35.%)

52 (32.1%)

23 (43.4%)

Stroke or Cardiovascular disease (n %)

0.324

 No

249 (79.3%)

83 (83.0%)

129 (79.1%)

37 (72.5%)

 Yes

65 (20.7%)

17 (17.0%)

34 (20.9%)

14 (27.5%)

Number of comorbidities (median, IQR)

2.00 (1.00–4.00)

2.00 (1.00–5.00)

(1.00–4.00)

3.00 (1.00–5.00)

0.340

Sufficient finance support (n %)

0.576

 Yes

325 (89.3%)

106 (87.6%)

167 (89.3%)

52 (92.9%)

 No

39 (10.7%)

15 (12.4%)

20 (10.7%)

4 (7.1%)

Smoking (n %)

0.590

 Yes

34 (9.5%)

12 (9.9%)

15 (8.2%)

7 (12.7%)

 No

325 (90.5%)

109 (90.1%)

168 (91.8%)

48 (87.3%)

Drinking (n %)

0.395

 Yes

34 (9.4%)

15 (12.3%)

15 (8.1%)

4 (7.3%)

 No

328 (90.6%)

107 (87.7%)

170 (91.9%)

51 (92.7%)

False teeth (n %)

< 0.001

 Yes

165 (45.3%)

82 (67.8%)

66 (35.3%)

17 (30.4%)

 No

199 (54.7%)

39 (32.2%)

121 (64.7%)

39 (69.6%)

Visual impairment (n %)

< 0.001

 NO

287 (79.1%)

80 (66.1%)

158 (84.5%)

49 (89.1%)

 Yes

76 (20.9%)

41 (33.9%)

29 (15.5%)

6 (10.9%)

Difficulty with hearing (n %)

< 0.001

 Yes

156 (42.7%)

72 (59.0%)

68 (36.4%)

16 (28.6%)

 No

209 (57.3%)

50 (41.0%)

119 (63.6%)

40 (71.4%)

Exercise (n %)

0.108

 Yes

132 (36.4%)

36 (29.8%)

71 (38.0%)

25 (45.5%)

 No

231 (63.6%)

85 (70.2%)

116 (62.0%)

30 (54.5%)

Physical labor regularly (n %)

0.030

 Yes

179 (50.3%)

70 (58.3%)

89 (48.9%)

20 (37.0%)

 No

177 (49.7%)

50 (41.7%)

93 (51.1%)

34 (63.0%)

Falls in the past 1 year (n %)

0.872

 Yes

73 (20.2%)

24 (19.7%)

39 (21.2%)

10 (18.2%)

 No

288 (79.8%)

98 (80.3%)

145 (78.8%)

45 (81.8%)

Brush your teeth (n %)

0.012

 No

79 (22.1%)

35 (30.2%)

38 (20.4%)

6 (10.7%)

 Yes

279 (77.9%)

81 (69.8%)

148 (79.6%)

50 (89.3%)

Nutrient supplements (n %)

0.365

 Yes

64 (18.0%)

19 (16.8%)

38 (21.0%)

7 (13.0%)

 No

290 (81.7%)

100 (83.2%)

143 (79.0%)

47 (87.0%)

Frailty (n %)

< 0.001

 No

105 (28.8%)

19 (15.6%)

59 (31.5%)

27 (48.2%)

 Yes

260 (71.2%)

103 (84.4%)

128 (68.5%)

29 (51.8%)