Table 1 Characteristics of the study population and comparison between vertebral fracture and non-vertebral fracture groups
Variables | Total (n = 766) | Groups | Statistics | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Vertebral fracture (n = 712) | Vertebral fracture (n = 54) | ||||
Age, years, Mean ± SD | 63.10 ± 8.23 | 62.89 ± 8.10 | 65.89 ± 9.50 | t = -2.59 | 0.010 |
Gender, n (%) | χ2 = 0.46 | 0.496 | |||
Male | 463 (60.44) | 428 (60.11) | 35 (64.81) | ||
Female | 303 (39.56) | 284 (39.89) | 19 (35.19) | ||
Race, n (%) | χ2 = 11.83 | < 0.001 | |||
White | 339 (44.26) | 303 (42.56) | 36 (66.67) | ||
Others (Mexican American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and other races) | 427 (55.74) | 409 (57.44) | 18 (33.33) | ||
Education level, n (%) | χ2 = 1.77 | 0.777 | |||
Less than 9th grade | 65 (8.49) | 62 (8.71) | 3 (5.56) | ||
9-11th grade (includes 12th grade with no diploma) | 99 (12.92) | 94 (13.20) | 5 (9.26) | ||
High school graduate/GED or equivalent | 161 (21.02) | 149 (20.93) | 12 (22.22) | ||
Some college or AA degree | 208 (27.15) | 191 (26.83) | 17 (31.48) | ||
College graduate or above | 233 (30.42) | 216 (30.34) | 17 (31.48) | ||
Family income to poverty ratio, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.46 (1.21, 5.00) | 2.55 (1.22, 5.00) | 1.99 (1.02, 3.57) | Z = -1.88 | 0.060 |
Height, cm, Mean ± SD | 168.02 ± 9.81 | 168.07 ± 9.87 | 167.36 ± 9.05 | t = 0.51 | 0.610 |
Weight, kg, Mean ± SD | 79.13 ± 18.20 | 79.18 ± 18.36 | 78.47 ± 16.01 | t = 0.28 | 0.781 |
Waist circumference, cm, Mean ± SD | 99.31 ± 13.95 | 99.20 ± 13.93 | 100.71 ± 14.24 | t = -0.77 | 0.443 |
BMI, kg/m2, Mean ± SD | 27.90 ± 5.40 | 27.89 ± 5.41 | 28.02 ± 5.37 | t = -0.17 | 0.864 |
Smoking, n (%) | χ2 = 0.58 | 0.445 | |||
Yes | 373 (48.69) | 344 (48.31) | 29 (53.70) | ||
No | 393 (51.31) | 368 (51.69) | 25 (46.30) | ||
Drinking, n (%) | χ2 = 1.89 | 0.169 | |||
Yes | 579 (75.59) | 534 (75.00) | 45 (83.33) | ||
No | 187 (24.41) | 178 (25.00) | 9 (16.67) | ||
Diabetes, n (%) | χ2 = 0.24 | 0.628 | |||
No | 588 (76.76) | 548 (76.97) | 40 (74.07) | ||
Yes | 178 (23.24) | 164 (23.03) | 14 (25.93) | ||
Mother ever fracture a hip, n (%) | - | 0.359 | |||
Yes | 40 (5.22) | 36 (5.06) | 4 (7.41) | ||
No | 699 (91.25) | 652 (91.57) | 47 (87.04) | ||
Unknown | 27 (3.52) | 24 (3.37) | 3 (5.56) | ||
Father ever fracture a hip, n (%) | - | 0.142 | |||
Yes | 22 (2.87) | 21 (2.95) | 1 (1.85) | ||
No | 704 (91.91) | 657 (92.28) | 47 (87.04) | ||
Unknown | 40 (5.22) | 34 (4.78) | 6 (11.11) | ||
Broken or fractured hip, n (%) | - | 0.521 | |||
Yes | 10 (1.31) | 9 (1.26) | 1 (1.85) | ||
No | 756 (98.69) | 703 (98.74) | 53 (98.15) | ||
Lipid-lowering agents, n (%) | χ2 = 0.02 | 0.891 | |||
No | 503 (65.67) | 468 (65.73) | 35 (64.81) | ||
Yes | 263 (34.33) | 244 (34.27) | 19 (35.19) | ||
Anti-osteoporosis therapy, n (%) | χ2 = 0.85 | 0.358 | |||
No | 755 (98.56) | 701 (98.46) | 54 (100.00) | ||
Yes | 11 (1.44) | 11 (1.54) | 0 (0.00) | ||
Glucocorticoids, n (%) | - | 1.000 | |||
No | 751 (98.04) | 698 (98.03) | 53 (98.15) | ||
Yes | 15 (1.96) | 14 (1.97) | 1 (1.85) | ||
Total femur BMD, gm/cm2, Mean ± SD | 0.95 ± 0.15 | 0.95 ± 0.15 | 0.89 ± 0.13 | t = 2.61 | 0.009 |
Femoral neck BMD, gm/cm2, Mean ± SD | 0.77 ± 0.14 | 0.78 ± 0.14 | 0.73 ± 0.11 | t = 2.92 | 0.005 |
T-score of total femoral, M (Q1, Q3) | -0.03 (-0.72, 0.63) | -0.01 (-0.69, 0.65) | -0.24 (-0.91, 0.26) | Z = -2.48 | 0.013 |
T-score of femoral neck, M (Q1, Q3) | -0.08 (-0.71, 0.61) | -0.06 (-0.71, 0.64) | -0.31 (-0.91, 0.26) | Z = -2.19 | 0.029 |
Osteopenia, n (%) | χ2 = 1.49 | 0.223 | |||
Yes | 150 (19.58) | 136 (19.10) | 14 (25.93) | ||
No | 616 (80.42) | 576 (80.90) | 40 (74.07) | ||
Energy, kcal, M (Q1, Q3) | 1867.75 (1440.00, 2410.00) | 1861.75 (1428.50, 2406.00) | 1990.75 (1560.00, 2491.00) | Z = 1.03 | 0.304 |
Vitamin D, mcg, M (Q1, Q3) | 8.43 (3.00, 22.45) | 8.58 (2.95, 23.03) | 7.48 (3.55, 21.25) | Z = -0.11 | 0.909 |
Total calcium intake, mg, M (Q1, Q3) | 981.00 (670.50, 1436.00) | 979.75 (669.75, 1425.50) | 995.75 (731.00, 1613.50) | Z = 1.15 | 0.252 |
MET, M (Q1, Q3) | 280.00 (160.00, 480.00) | 244.00 (160.00, 480.00) | 450.00 (180.00, 640.00) | Z = 2.05 | 0.041 |