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Table 2 Association between loneliness and cognitive function by multivariable linear regressions models (n = 228)

From: Association between loneliness and its components and cognitive function among older Chinese adults living in nursing homes: A mediation of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances

 

Age- and sex-adjusted Model

Multivariable-adjusted Model 1a

Multivariable-adjusted Model 2 b

Multivariable-adjusted Model 3 c

β coefficients d (95% CI)

P-value

β coefficients d (95% CI)

P-value

β coefficients d (95% CI)

P-value

β coefficients d (95% CI)

P-value

Loneliness e

 Q1 (low)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Q2

-0.73

(-2.46 to 1.00)

0.41

-0.24

(-1.58 to 1.10)

0.72

-0.18

(-1.50 to 1.15)

0.79

-0.21

(-1.54 to 1.12)

0.76

 Q3

-0.98

(-2.59 to 0.64)

0.24

-1.41

(-2.69 to -0.14)

0.03

-1.24

(-2.50 to 0.03)

0.06

-1.11

(-2.41 to 0.18)

0.09

 Q4 (high)

-2.32

(-3.94 to -0.69)

0.01

-1.32

(-2.61 to -0.02)

0.046

-1.08

(-2.37 to 0.21)

0.10

-1.07

(-2.38 to 0.24)

0.11

Association trend f

-0.09

(-0.15 to -0.03)

0.01

-0.05

(-0.10 to -0.01)

0.03

-0.04

(-0.09 to 0.00)

0.07

-0.04

(-0.09 to 0.01)

0.09

Personal feelings of isolation g

 Low

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 High

-1.44

(-2.63 to -0.25)

0.02

-1.26

(-2.22 to -0.31)

0.01

-1.09

(-2.04 to -0.13)

0.03

-0.97

(-1.95 to 0.01)

0.053

Lack of relational connectedness h

 Low

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 High

-1.48

(-2.68 to -0.29)

0.02

-0.93

(-1.87 to 0.00)

0.051

-0.72

(-1.66 to 0.22)

0.13

-0.71

(-1.65 to 0.24)

0.14

Lack of collective connectedness i

 Low

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 High

-1.19

(-2.48 to 0.09)

0.07

-0.01

(-1.63 to 0.42)

0.25

-0.57

(-1.58 to 0.44)

0.27

-0.48

(-1.51 to 0.54)

0.35

  1. Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; Q: quartile
  2. a Adjusted for age, sex (male or female), education level (elementary or lower, junior high, senior high, college or higher), current smoking (yes or no), current drinking (yes or no), sitting (h/d), walking for more than 10 min at least one day in the last week (yes or no), moderate or vigorous activity (yes or no), marital status (married or widowed, divorced, or unmarried), living status (living alone, living with one roommate, living with two roommates, living with three roommates), overweight (yes or no), number of comorbidities, hearing impairments (yes or no)
  3. b Additionally adjusted for covariates included in multivariable-adjusted Model 1 plus the presence of depressive symptoms (yes or no)
  4. c Additionally adjusted for covariates included in multivariable-adjusted Model 1 plus the presence of anxiety symptoms (yes or no) and sleep disturbances (yes or no)
  5. d β coefficients are the unstandardized coefficients
  6. e The cutoffs of the score of loneliness were 23, 28, and 39
  7. f Linear trend across quartiles of loneliness levels was tested by entering the median values of each quartile into the multivariable linear regression model
  8. g The cutoff of the score of personal feelings of isolation was 15
  9. h The cutoff of the score of the lack of relational connectedness was 6
  10. i The cutoff of the score of the lack of collective connectedness was 7