| Female (n = 78) | Male (n = 102) | Total (n = 180) | p value | Adjusted p valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Motivation | |||||
 I enjoy exercise |  |  |  | 0.135 |  |
  a. Not true at all | 8 (10.3%) | 4 (3.92%) | 12 (6.67%) |  |  |
  b. Moderately true | 33 (42.3%) | 38 (37.3%) | 71 (39.4%) |  |  |
  c. Very true | 37 (47.4%) | 60 (58.8%) | 97 (53.9%) |  |  |
 I exercise because: |  |  |  | 0.531 |  |
  a. Improve physical appearance | 1 (1.28%) | 1 (0.980%) | 2 (1.11%) |  |  |
  b. Lose weight | 7 (8.97%) | 5 (4.90%) | 12 (6.67%) |  |  |
  c. Continue enjoyed activities | 19 (24.4%) | 33 (32.4%) | 52 (28.9%) |  |  |
  d. Maintain independence | 51 (65.4%) | 63 (61.8%) | 114 (63.3%) |  |  |
 I have no time to exercise |  |  |  | 0.732 |  |
  a. Not true at all | 66 (84.6%) | 88 (86.3%) | 154 (85.6%) |  |  |
  b. Moderately true | 10 (12.8%) | 10 (9.80%) | 20 (11.1%) |  |  |
  c. Very true | 2 (2.56%) | 4 (3.92%) | 6 (3.33%) |  |  |
 I feel exercising will impact chronic diseases |  |  |  | 0.493 |  |
  a. Not true at all | 10 (12.8%) | 8 (7.84%) | 18 (10%) |  |  |
  b. Moderately true | 18 (23.1%) | 22 (21.6%) | 40 (22.2%) |  |  |
  c. Very true | 50 (64.1%) | 72 (70.6%) | 122 (67.8%) |  |  |
 I feel good after exercise |  |  |  | 0.141 |  |
  a. Not true at all | 4 (5.13%) | 1 (0.980%) | 5 (2.78%) |  |  |
  b. Moderately true | 18 (23.1%) | 18 (17.6%) | 36 (20%) |  |  |
  c. Very true | 56 (71.8%) | 83 (81.4%) | 139 (77.2%) |  |  |
 I am confident to participate in regular exercise at least 3 times a week for 20 mins each |  |  |  | 0.886 |  |
  a. Not confident | 20 (25.6%) | 23 (22.5%) | 43 23.9%) |  |  |
  b. Moderately confident | 23 (29.5%) | 32 (31.4%) | 55 (30.6%) |  |  |
  c. Very confident | 35 (44.9%) | 47 (46.1%) | 82 (45.6%) |  |  |
 My barriers to regular exercise |  |  |  | 0.177 |  |
  a. Do not enjoy | 6 (7.69%) | 4 (3.92%) | 10 (5.56%) |  |  |
  b. Bored with program | 2 (2.56%) | 8 (7.84%) | 10 (5.56%) |  |  |
  c. Pain when exercising | 13 (16.7%) | 9 (8.82%) | 22 (12.2%) | 0.111 |  |
  d. Tired | 18 (23.1%) | 30 (29.4%) | 48 (26.7%) | 0.341 |  |
  e. Stressed | 2 (2.56%) | 1 (0.980%) | 3 (1.67%) |  |  |
  f. No time | 25 (32.1%) | 25 (24.5%) | 50 (27.8%) | 0.263 |  |
  g. Too old | 1 (1.28%) | 6 (5.88%) | 7 (3.89%) |  |  |
  h. Do not need to | 1 (1.28%) | 3 (2.94%) | 4 (2.22%) |  |  |
  i. Do not know how to | 2 (2.56%) | 1 (0.980%) | 3 (1.67%) |  |  |
  j. Cannot afford to | 8 (10.3%) | 15 (14.7%) | 23 (12.8%) | 0.376 |  |
  k. Major barriersb | 64 (82.1%) | 79 (77.5%) | 143 (79.4%) | 0.713 |  |
Factors that motivate me to exercise | |||||
 a. Family or friends exercise together | 12 (15.4%) | 12 (11.8%) | 24 (13.3%) | 0.479 |  |
 b. Family or friends comment on appearance | 4 (5.13%) | 3 (2.94%) | 7 (3.89%) | 0.452 |  |
 c. Family or friends help with chores/work | 1 (1.28%) | 1 (0.980%) | 2 (1.11%) | 0.848 |  |
 d. Instructor to guide exercise | 16 (20.5%) | 2 (1.96%) | 18 (10%) | < 0.0001 | 0.027 |
 e. Able to control type and difficulty of exercise | 45 (57.7%) | 84 (82.4%) | 129 (71.7%) | < 0.001 | 0.001 |
Self-Empowerment | |||||
 Level of education |  |  |  | 0.002 |  |
  a. No formal education | 16 (20.5%) | 8 (7.84%) | 24 (13.3%) |  |  |
  b. Primary education | 30 (38.5%) | 26 (25.5%) | 56 (31.1%) |  |  |
  c. Secondary education | 32 (41.0%) | 68 (66.7%) | 100 (55.6%) |  |  |
 Smartphone user | 58 (74.4%) | 91 (89.2%) | 149 (82.8%) | 0.01 | 0.039 |
 Used smartphone apps to manage chronic diseases | 25 (32.1%) | 38 (37.3%) | 63 (35%) | 0.468 |  |
 Willing to use smartphone apps to manage chronic diseases |  |  |  | 0.164 |  |
  a. Yes | 40 (51.3%) | 57 (55.9%) | 97 (53.9%) |  |  |
  b. Not sure | 3 (3.85%) | 10 (9.80%) | 13 (7.22%) |  |  |
  c. No | 35 (44.9%) | 35 (34.2%) | 70 (38.9%) |  |  |
 Factors that encourage or discourage use of smartphone apps to manage health |  |  |  | 0.002 |  |
  a. Do not intend to use smartphone apps | 19 (24.4%) | 8 (7.84%) | 27 (15%) | 0.003 | 0.01 |
  b. App guides exercise routines | 8 (10.3%) | 30 (29.4%) | 38 (21.1%) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
  c. Ability to share feedback with healthcare professionals through app | 8 (10.3%) | 13 (12.7%) | 21 (11.7%) | 0.647 |  |
  d. Reveal of personal information on app | 21 (26.9%) | 30 (29.4%) | 51 (28.3%) | 0.741 |  |
  e. Financial incentives | 22 (28.2%) | 21 (20.6%) | 43 (23.9%) | 0.290 |  |