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Table 3 Gender-based Differences in self-motivation and self-empowerment responses

From: Effect of psychosocial motivations and technology on physical activity behaviours among community older men and women

 

Female (n = 78)

Male (n = 102)

Total (n = 180)

p value

Adjusted p valuea

Self-Motivation

 I enjoy exercise

   

0.135

 

  a. Not true at all

8 (10.3%)

4 (3.92%)

12 (6.67%)

  

  b. Moderately true

33 (42.3%)

38 (37.3%)

71 (39.4%)

  

  c. Very true

37 (47.4%)

60 (58.8%)

97 (53.9%)

  

 I exercise because:

   

0.531

 

  a. Improve physical appearance

1 (1.28%)

1 (0.980%)

2 (1.11%)

  

  b. Lose weight

7 (8.97%)

5 (4.90%)

12 (6.67%)

  

  c. Continue enjoyed activities

19 (24.4%)

33 (32.4%)

52 (28.9%)

  

  d. Maintain independence

51 (65.4%)

63 (61.8%)

114 (63.3%)

  

 I have no time to exercise

   

0.732

 

  a. Not true at all

66 (84.6%)

88 (86.3%)

154 (85.6%)

  

  b. Moderately true

10 (12.8%)

10 (9.80%)

20 (11.1%)

  

  c. Very true

2 (2.56%)

4 (3.92%)

6 (3.33%)

  

 I feel exercising will impact chronic diseases

   

0.493

 

  a. Not true at all

10 (12.8%)

8 (7.84%)

18 (10%)

  

  b. Moderately true

18 (23.1%)

22 (21.6%)

40 (22.2%)

  

  c. Very true

50 (64.1%)

72 (70.6%)

122 (67.8%)

  

 I feel good after exercise

   

0.141

 

  a. Not true at all

4 (5.13%)

1 (0.980%)

5 (2.78%)

  

  b. Moderately true

18 (23.1%)

18 (17.6%)

36 (20%)

  

  c. Very true

56 (71.8%)

83 (81.4%)

139 (77.2%)

  

 I am confident to participate in regular exercise at least 3 times a week for 20 mins each

   

0.886

 

  a. Not confident

20 (25.6%)

23 (22.5%)

43 23.9%)

  

  b. Moderately confident

23 (29.5%)

32 (31.4%)

55 (30.6%)

  

  c. Very confident

35 (44.9%)

47 (46.1%)

82 (45.6%)

  

 My barriers to regular exercise

   

0.177

 

  a. Do not enjoy

6 (7.69%)

4 (3.92%)

10 (5.56%)

  

  b. Bored with program

2 (2.56%)

8 (7.84%)

10 (5.56%)

  

  c. Pain when exercising

13 (16.7%)

9 (8.82%)

22 (12.2%)

0.111

 

  d. Tired

18 (23.1%)

30 (29.4%)

48 (26.7%)

0.341

 

  e. Stressed

2 (2.56%)

1 (0.980%)

3 (1.67%)

  

  f. No time

25 (32.1%)

25 (24.5%)

50 (27.8%)

0.263

 

  g. Too old

1 (1.28%)

6 (5.88%)

7 (3.89%)

  

  h. Do not need to

1 (1.28%)

3 (2.94%)

4 (2.22%)

  

  i. Do not know how to

2 (2.56%)

1 (0.980%)

3 (1.67%)

  

  j. Cannot afford to

8 (10.3%)

15 (14.7%)

23 (12.8%)

0.376

 

  k. Major barriersb

64 (82.1%)

79 (77.5%)

143 (79.4%)

0.713

 

Factors that motivate me to exercise

 a. Family or friends exercise together

12 (15.4%)

12 (11.8%)

24 (13.3%)

0.479

 

 b. Family or friends comment on appearance

4 (5.13%)

3 (2.94%)

7 (3.89%)

0.452

 

 c. Family or friends help with chores/work

1 (1.28%)

1 (0.980%)

2 (1.11%)

0.848

 

 d. Instructor to guide exercise

16 (20.5%)

2 (1.96%)

18 (10%)

< 0.0001

0.027

 e. Able to control type and difficulty of exercise

45 (57.7%)

84 (82.4%)

129 (71.7%)

< 0.001

0.001

Self-Empowerment

 Level of education

   

0.002

 

  a. No formal education

16 (20.5%)

8 (7.84%)

24 (13.3%)

  

  b. Primary education

30 (38.5%)

26 (25.5%)

56 (31.1%)

  

  c. Secondary education

32 (41.0%)

68 (66.7%)

100 (55.6%)

  

 Smartphone user

58 (74.4%)

91 (89.2%)

149 (82.8%)

0.01

0.039

 Used smartphone apps to manage chronic diseases

25 (32.1%)

38 (37.3%)

63 (35%)

0.468

 

 Willing to use smartphone apps to manage chronic diseases

   

0.164

 

  a. Yes

40 (51.3%)

57 (55.9%)

97 (53.9%)

  

  b. Not sure

3 (3.85%)

10 (9.80%)

13 (7.22%)

  

  c. No

35 (44.9%)

35 (34.2%)

70 (38.9%)

  

 Factors that encourage or discourage use of smartphone apps to manage health

   

0.002

 

  a. Do not intend to use smartphone apps

19 (24.4%)

8 (7.84%)

27 (15%)

0.003

0.01

  b. App guides exercise routines

8 (10.3%)

30 (29.4%)

38 (21.1%)

0.002

0.001

  c. Ability to share feedback with healthcare professionals through app

8 (10.3%)

13 (12.7%)

21 (11.7%)

0.647

 

  d. Reveal of personal information on app

21 (26.9%)

30 (29.4%)

51 (28.3%)

0.741

 

  e. Financial incentives

22 (28.2%)

21 (20.6%)

43 (23.9%)

0.290

 
  1. aAdjusted for age, body mass index, and educational level
  2. bMajor barriers include having no time, tiredness, pain, and inability to afford exercise