Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the subjects according to sex

Age (years)

76.3 ± 3.5

74.9 ± 3.6

0.53

BMI (kg/cm²)

25.2 ± 2.4

25.3 ± 2.7

0.47

Waist circumference (cm)

90.3 ± 7.6

87.6 ± 7.9

< 0.01*

PBF (%)

25.9 ± 5.3

36.6 ± 5.6

< 0.01*

Obesity by BMI

 Normal (BMI < 25 kg/cm²)

204 (50.2)

253 (48.7)

0.691

 Obese (BMI ≥25 kg/cm²)

202 (49.8)

266 (51.3)

Central obesity by WC

 No (men < 90, women < 85)

188 (46.3)

181 (34.9)

< 0.01*

 Yes (men ≥90, women ≥85)

218 (53.7)

338 (65.1)

Obesity by PBF

 No (men < 27, women < 38)

231 (56.9)

286 (55.1)

0.594

 Yes (men ≥27, women ≥38)

175 (43.1)

233 (44.9)

Family lives together (%)

 Together

372 (91.6)

261 (50.3)

< 0.01*

 Alone

34 (8.4)

258 (49.7)

Income per month

 More than 3

109 (26.8)

66 (12.7)

< 0.01*

(Korean million won^†, %)

 1–3

166 (40.9)

189 (36.4)

 Less than 1

131 (32.3)

264 (50.9)

Education years

 More than 13

114 (28.1)

42 (8.1)

< 0.01*

 6–12

180 (44.3)

184 (35.5)

 Less than 6

112 (27.6)

293 (56.5)

Location of residence (%)

 Urban

323 (79.9)

297 (86.2)

< 0.01*

 Rural

81 (20.0)

71 (13.8)

Current smoker (%)

40 (9.9)

2 (0.4)

< 0.01*

Alcohol use (%)

287 (70.7)

338 (65.1)

0.77

Hypertension (%)

209 (51.5)

314 (60.5)

< 0.01*

Dyslipidemia (%)

110 (27.1)

214 (41.2)

< 0.01*

Diabetes mellitus (%)

91 (22.4)

90 (17.3)

0.055

Depression (%)

6 (1.5)

3 (0.6)

0.192

Knee OA (%)

45 (11.1)

166 (32.0)

< 0.01*

Osteoporosis (%)

10 (2.5)

112 (21.6)

< 0.01*

MMSE-KC

26.7 ± 2.4

25.8 ± 2.8

< 0.01*