Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to sarcopenia and obesity status
|  | Neither sarcopenia nor obesity n = 886 | Sarcopenia alone n = 553 | Obesity alone n = 784 | Sarcopenic obesity n = 149 | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y* | 65 (62–70) | 70 (65–75) | 66 (63–70) | 69 (65–75) | < 0.001 |
Female, % | 548 (61.9) | 317 (57.3) | 496 (63.3) | 68 (45.6) | < 0.001 |
Education level, % | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 |
  Illiterate | 306 (36.0) | 210 (40.0) | 272 (36.5) | 46 (32.6) |  |
 Primary school | 337 (39.6) | 208 (39.6) | 281 (37.7) | 43 (30.5) |  |
 Secondary school and above | 207 (24.4) | 107 (20.4) | 193 (25.9) | 52 (36.9) |  |
Ethnicity, % |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Han | 396 (44.7) | 302 (54.6) | 282 (36.0) | 67 (45.0) |  |
 Qiang | 286 (32.3) | 87 (15.7) | 250 (31.9) | 32 (21.5) |  |
 Tibetan | 154 (17.4) | 102 (18.4) | 213 (27.2) | 44 (29.5) |  |
 Yi | 43 (4.9) | 55 (9.9) | 24 (3.1) | 4 (2.7) |  |
 others | 7 (0.8) | 7 (1.3) | 15 (1.9) | 2 (1.3) |  |
Marital status, % | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.036 |
 Married | 690 (81.2) | 397 (75.6) | 609 (81.6) | 110 (78.0) |  |
 Unmarried/widowed/divorced | 160 (18.8) | 128 (24.4) | 137 (18.4) | 31 (22.0) |  |
 History of smoke, % | 157 (18.6) | 135 (26.0) | 93 (12.6) | 37 (26.2) | < 0.001 |
 History of alcohol, % | 232 (27.5) | 142 (27.3) | 194 (26.1) | 38 (27.0) | 0.94 |
Number of chronic diseases, % | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.014 |
 0 | 486 (57.2) | 306 (58.6) | 365 (49.1) | 79 (56.0) |  |
 1 | 203 (23.9) | 119 (22.8) | 221 (29.7) | 33 (23.4) |  |
 > = 2 | 161 (18.9) | 97 (18.6) | 157 (21.1) | 29 (20.6) |  |
Nutritional status, % |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Well nourished | 702 (83.0) | 278 (53.6) | 659 (89.2) | 115 (81.6) |  |
 Risk of malnutrition | 144 (17.0) | 241 (46.4) | 80 (10.8) | 26 (18.4) |  |
Frailty status, % |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Robust | 468 (52.8) | 201 (36.3) | 394 (50.3) | 48 (32.2) |  |
 Pre-frailty | 386 (43.6) | 295 (53.3) | 355 (45.3) | 78 (52.3) |  |
 Frailty | 32 (3.6) | 57 (10.3) | 35 (4.5) | 23 (15.4) |  |