Table 3 Between-group difference in the FES-I scores
Variable | N (%) | Mean ± standard deviation | Median (IQR) | P value | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants | 135 | 26.0 ± 9.5 | 23 (13) |  |  |
Demographic characteristics | |||||
 Age |  |  |  | 0.02 | 0.73 |
   < 80 years old | 116 (86.0%) | 25.1 ± 8.5 | 23 (12) |  |  |
   ≥ 80 years old | 19 (14.4%) | 32.0 ± 12.5 | 31 (22) |  |  |
 Sex |  |  |  | 0.10 | 0.18 |
  Men | 39 (28.9%) | 24.8 ± 10.2 | 22 (12) |  |  |
  Women | 96 (71.1%) | 26.5 ± 9.1 | 24 (12) |  |  |
 Use of walking aids |  |  |  |  < 0.001 | 1.63 |
  No | 127 (94.1%) | 25.1 ± 8.8 | 23 (12) |  |  |
  Yes | 8 (5.9%) | 40.5 ± 8.7 | 37.5 (13.3) |  |  |
 Living alone |  |  |  | 0.20 | 0.28 |
  No | 99 (73.3%) | 25.3 ± 9.0 | 23 (12) |  |  |
  Yes | 36 (26.7%) | 28.0 ± 10.6 | 28 (16.3) |  |  |
Falling risk factors | |||||
 Falls in the past one year |  |  |  < 0.001 | 0.53 | |
  None | 107 (79.3%) | 25.0 ± 9.1 | 23 (13) |  |  |
  Any falls | 28 (20.7%) | 30.0 ± 10.0 | 29 (14.8) |  |  |
 Multiple falls in the past one year |  |  |  < 0.001 | 1.51 | |
  No | 126 (93.3%) | 25.1 ± 8.7 | 23 (12) |  |  |
  Yes | 9 (6.7%) | 39.4 ± 9.3 | 38 (16) |  |  |
 Fear of fall |  |  |  |  < 0.001 | 0.87 |
  No | 68 (50.4%) | 22.2 ± 8.1 | 18.5 (9.8) |  |  |
  Yes | 67 (49.6%) | 30.3 ± 9.2 | 29 (12) |  |  |
Physical functional tests | |||||
 Timed up and go |  |  |  | 0.67 | 0.32 |
  No risk | 126 (93.3%) | 25.8 ± 9.2 | 23 (12) |  |  |
  At risk of falling | 9 (6.7%) | 28.9 ± 12.9 | 31 (22) |  |  |
 4-stage balance test |  |  |  | 0.09 | 1.12 |
  No risk | 130 (94.8%) | 25.6 ± 9.1 | 23 (12) |  |  |
  At risk of falling | 5 (5.2%) | 36.2 ± 14.2 | 35 (26) |  |  |
 30 s chair stand test |  |  | 0.76 | 0.003 | |
    No risk | 126 (93.3%) | 26.0 ± 9.6 | 23 (13) |  |  |
  At risk of falling | 9 (6.7%) | 26.0 ± 7.7 | 25 (13) |  |  |