Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants by homebound status (Sample 1, N = 2,521)

Age, M ± SD

76.8 ± 7.1

79.2 ± 7.9

75.6 ± 6.9

 < .001

Sex (Female), n (%)

1,440 (57.1)

261 (77.0)

1,179 (54.3)

 < .001

Race/ethnicity, n (%)

 < .001

 White, non-Hispanic

1,596 (70.1)

171 (50.4)

1,596 (73.1)

 Black, non-Hispanic

548 (21.7)

110 (43.5)

438 (20.1)

 Hispanic

124 (4.9)

21 (10.9)

61 (4.0)

 Other

82 (3.3)

37 (6.2)

87 (2.8)

Education, n (%)

 < .001

 Less than high school

558 (22.3)

131 (39.6)

427 (19.7)

 High school

664 (26.5)

87 (26.3)

577 (26.6)

 Some college or vocational school

617 (24.7)

67 (20.2)

550 (25.3)

 College or higher

664 (26.5)

46 (13.9)

618 (28.4)

Living arrangement, n (%)

 < .001

 Alone

880 (32.2)

119 (35.2)

689 (31.7)

 With spouse/partner only

1,119 (44.6)

88 (26.0)

1,031 (47.4)

 With others only

335 (13.3)

97 (28.7)

238 (11.0)

 With spouse/partner and with others

250 (9.9)

34 (10.1)

216 (9.9)

BMI ≥ 30 kg/m², n (%)

713 (28.9)

117 (36.2)

596 (27.8)

0.002

Pain, n (%)

1,261 (50.0)

242 (71.4)

1,019 (46.7)

 < .001

Depressive symptoms, n (%)

248 (9.9)

71 (21.2)

177 (8.1)

 < .001

Dementia, n (%)

63 (2.5)

37 (10.9)

26 (1.2)

 < .001

Hospitalization, n (%)

445 (17.7)

113 (33.4)

332 (15.2)

 < .001

Number of ADL impairments, M ± SD

0.3 ± 0.7

1.2 ± 1.3

0.1 ± 0.5

 < .001

Number of IADL impairments, M ± SD

0.6 ± 1.2

2.3 ± 1.8

0.3 ± 0.8

 < .001

Number of chronic diseases, M ± SD

2.3 ± 1.5

2.9 ± 1.5

2.2 ± 1.4

 < .001

Visual impairments, n (%)

159 (6.3)

52 (15.4)

107 (4.9)

 < .001

Hearing impairments, n (%)

302 (12.0)

63 (18.8)

239 (11.0)

 < .001

Vigorous activity, n (%)

1,047 (41.6)

65 (19.2)

982 (45.0)

 < .001