Table 1 The characteristics of study population without and with asthma
| Â | Without asthma | With asthma | P |
|---|---|---|---|
N | 4181 | 357 | Â |
Sex |  |  | < 0.01 |
 Male | 2042 (48.8%) | 147 (41.2%) |  |
 Female | 2139 (51.2%) | 210 (58.8%) |  |
Age |  |  | < 0.01 |
  < 50 years | 432 (10.3%) | 64 (17.9%) |  |
 50 to 59 years | 1120 (26.8%) | 102 (28.6%) |  |
 60 to 69 years | 1263 (30.2%) | 94 (26.3%) |  |
 70 to 79 years | 1075 (25.7%) | 80 (22.4%) |  |
  ≥ 80 years | 291 (7.0%) | 17 (4.8%) |  |
Race |  |  | < 0.01 |
 White | 3685 (88.1%) | 297 (83.2%) |  |
 Black | 253 (6.1%) | 39 (10.9%) |  |
 Other | 243 (5.8%) | 21 (5.9%) |  |
Smoking status | Â | Â | 0.63 |
 Never | 1992 (47.6%) | 178 (49.9%) |  |
 Current | 376 (9.0%) | 28 (7.8%) |  |
 Former | 1813 (43.4%) | 151 (42.3%) |  |
Coffer consumption (cups/day) |  | < 0.01 | |
 0 | 1643 (39.3%) | 164 (45.9%) |  |
 1 | 648 (15.5%) | 61 (17.1%) |  |
 2 | 734 (17.6%) | 64 (17.9%) |  |
  ≥ 3 | 1156 (27.6%) | 68 (19.0%) |  |
Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | Â | Â | 0.62 |
  < 25 | 1168 (27.9%) | 94 (26.3%) |  |
 25 to 29.9 | 1765 (42.2%) | 148 (41.5%) |  |
  ≥ 30 | 1248 (29.8%) | 115 (32.2%) |  |
Diabetes | Â | Â | 0.67 |
 No | 3890 (93.0%) | 330 (92.4%) |  |
 Yes | 291 (7.0%) | 27 (7.6%) |  |
Hypertension | Â | Â | 0.94 |
 No | 2416 (57.8%) | 207 (58.0%) |  |
 Yes | 1765 (42.2%) | 150 (42.0%) |  |
Angina | Â | Â | 0.90 |
 No | 3884 (92.9%) | 331 (92.7%) |  |
 Yes | 297 (7.1%) | 26 (7.3%) |  |
Myocardial infarction | Â | Â | 0.18 |
 No | 3905 (93.4%) | 340 (95.2%) |  |
 Yes | 276 (6.6%) | 17 (4.8%) |  |
COPD |  |  | < 0.01 |
 No | 4158 (99.4%) | 335 (93.8%) |  |
 Yes | 23 (0.6%) | 22 (6.2%) |  |
High blood cholesterol(≥200 mg/dl) |  | 0.70 | |
 No | 1818 (43.5%) | 159 (44.5%) |  |
 Yes | 2363 (56.5%) | 198 (55.5%) |  |
Benzodiazepines use | Â | Â | 0.50 |
 No | 3959 (94.7%) | 341 (95.5%) |  |
 Yes | 222 (5.3%) | 16 (4.5%) |  |
Tricylic anti-depressants use | Â | 0.04 | |
 No | 4073 (97.4%) | 341 (95.5%) |  |
 Yes | 108 (2.6%) | 16 (4.5%) |  |
Non-tricyclic antidepressants use |  | < 0.01 | |
 No | 4007 (95.8%) | 323 (90.5%) |  |
 Yes | 174 (4.2%) | 34 (9.5%) |  |
 FEV1 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.8 | < 0.01 |
FEV1/FVC1 |  |  | < 0.01 |
  < 0.7 | 708 (16.9%) | 141 (39.5%) |  |
  ≥ 0.7 | 3473 (83.1%) | 216 (60.5%) |  |
Probable insomnia | Â | Â | 0.02 |
 No | 3976 (95.1%) | 329 (92.2%) |  |
 Yes | 205 (4.9%) | 28 (7.8%) |  |
 ESS score | 7.7 ± 4.4 | 8.5 ± 4.3 | < 0.01 |
Excessive daytime sleepiness (ESS > 10) |  | 0.12 | |
 Normal (ESS ≤ 10) | 3156 (75.5%) | 250 (70.0%) |  |
 Mild (ESS = 11–12) | 428 (10.2%) | 47 (13.2%) |  |
 Moderate (ESS = 13–15) | 362 (8.7%) | 34 (9.5%) |  |
 Severe (ESS ≥ 16) | 235 (5.6%) | 26 (7.3%) |  |
Wake after sleep onset | Â | Â | 0.82 |
  < 30 minutes | 1043 (24.9%) | 91 (25.5%) |  |
  ≥ 30 minutes | 3138 (75.1%) | 266 (74.5%) |  |
Sleep efficiency | Â | Â | 0.16 |
  < 0.8 | 1289 (30.8%) | 123 (34.5%) |  |
  ≥ 0.8 | 2892 (69.2%) | 234 (65.5%) |  |
TIMESN1P | 5.4 ± 3.8 | 5.1 ± 3.6 | 0.13 |
TIMESN2P | 56.5 ± 11.5 | 55.9 ± 12.2 | 0.34 |
TIMESN3P | 18.1 ± 11.7 | 19.2 ± 12.2 | 0.09 |
TIMEREMP | 20.0 ± 6.1 | 19.8 ± 6.5 | 0.61 |
Objective sleep duration (minutes) | 361.9 ± 63.2 | 359.8 ± 65.0 | 0.56 |
Objective sleep duration (minutes) | Â | 0.55 | |
 Very short(< 300) | 663 (15.9%) | 59 (16.5%) |  |
 Short(300–359) | 1181 (28.2%) | 106 (29.7%) |  |
 Relatively healthy(360–419) | 1600 (38.3%) | 123 (34.5%) |  |
 Healthy(≥ 420) | 737 (17.6%) | 69 (19.3%) |  |
 T90 | 3.5 ± 10.4 | 3.0 ± 8.8 | 0.43 |
 AHI, events/h | 14.3 ± 14.8 | 12.7 ± 13.4 | 0.04 |
Obstructive sleep apnea | Â | Â | 0.14 |
 Normal (AHI < 5) | 1264 (30.2%) | 110 (30.8%) |  |
 Mild (AHI = 5–14.9) | 1486 (35.5%) | 145 (40.6%) |  |
 Moderate (AHI = 15–29.9) | 912 (21.8%) | 66 (18.5%) |  |
 Severe (AHI ≥ 30) | 519 (12.4%) | 36 (10.1%) |  |
 Follow-up time (days) | 4016.0 ± 1107.5 | 4128.3 ± 1114.7 | 0.07 |
Survival status | Â | Â | 0.06 |
 Alive | 3255 (77.9%) | 293 (82.1%) |  |
 Dead | 926 (22.1%) | 64 (17.9%) |  |