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Table 2 The process of data analysis

From: Ways that nursing home nursing staff build resilience: a phenomenographic approach

The 7 steps of data analysis in phenomenography

1. Familiarization

This is the stage in which the empirical data that has been collected by the researcher is considered. The researchers transcribed the audio recordings of 20 participants and read them repeatedly until they could clearly perceive the statements.

2. Condensation

This step involves an intensive reading of the transcribed material to identify its most important elements. The researchers found commonalities and differences by classifying and organizing meaningful sentences or important statements using color highlighters.

3. Comparison

Potential concepts are identified and then compared to each other to discover their intrinsic characteristics. The researchers then proceeded with coding by deriving tentative concepts centered on simplified semantic sentences and keywords. In this process, researchers tried to derive concepts by focusing on context rather than direct language. Two researchers independently extracted codes and then compared their results; 36 codes were extracted through the process of reaching consensus.

4. Grouping

Organize groups that represent preliminary classifications of similar answers.

5. Articulating

Establish clear boundaries between categories. The researchers carried out the process of confirming the exact meanings and correcting the categories through additional interviews to resolve any ambiguous or unclear content.

6. Labeling

Give the category an appropriate name.

7. Contrasting

Check the concordance between the finally derived categories.