Table 1 General characteristics of the study population (baseline 2006→2008)
Variables | Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10-item version (CES-D-10) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men | Women | |||||||||||
Total | < 4 | ≥ 4 | Total | < 4 | ≥ 4 | |||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Total N = 2256 | 1256 | 100.0 | 1146 | 91.2 | 110 | 8.8 | 1000 | 100.0 | 854 | 85.4 | 146 | 14.6 |
Frailty status | ||||||||||||
Non-frail → Non-frail | 1112 | 88.5 | 1051 | 94.5 | 61 | 5.5 | 847 | 84.7 | 765 | 90.3 | 82 | 9.7 |
Non-frail → Frail | 84 | 6.7 | 51 | 60.7 | 33 | 39.3 | 88 | 8.8 | 36 | 40.9 | 52 | 59.1 |
Frail → Frail | 20 | 1.6 | 11 | 55.0 | 9 | 45.0 | 25 | 2.5 | 14 | 56.0 | 11 | 44.0 |
Frail → Non-frail | 40 | 3.2 | 33 | 82.5 | 7 | 17.5 | 40 | 4.0 | 39 | 97.5 | 1 | 2.5 |
Age | ||||||||||||
60–69 | 661 | 52.6 | 620 | 93.8 | 41 | 6.2 | 576 | 57.6 | 513 | 89.1 | 63 | 10.9 |
70–79 | 497 | 39.6 | 447 | 89.9 | 50 | 10.1 | 373 | 37.3 | 305 | 81.8 | 68 | 18.2 |
≥ 80 | 98 | 7.8 | 79 | 80.6 | 19 | 19.4 | 51 | 5.1 | 36 | 70.6 | 15 | 29.4 |
Region | ||||||||||||
Urban area | 543 | 43.2 | 504 | 92.8 | 39 | 7.2 | 471 | 47.1 | 408 | 86.6 | 63 | 13.4 |
Rural area | 713 | 56.8 | 642 | 90.0 | 71 | 10.0 | 529 | 52.9 | 446 | 84.3 | 83 | 15.7 |
Educational level | ||||||||||||
Middle school or below | 490 | 39.0 | 436 | 89.0 | 54 | 11.0 | 674 | 67.4 | 566 | 84.0 | 108 | 16.0 |
High school or above | 766 | 61.0 | 710 | 92.7 | 56 | 7.3 | 326 | 32.6 | 288 | 88.3 | 38 | 11.7 |
Occupational status | ||||||||||||
Working | 529 | 42.1 | 499 | 94.3 | 30 | 5.7 | 174 | 17.4 | 157 | 90.2 | 17 | 9.8 |
Non-working | 727 | 57.9 | 647 | 89.0 | 80 | 11.0 | 826 | 82.6 | 697 | 84.4 | 129 | 15.6 |
Marital status | ||||||||||||
Married | 1164 | 92.7 | 1068 | 91.8 | 96 | 8.2 | 644 | 64.4 | 558 | 86.6 | 86 | 13.4 |
Not married | 92 | 7.3 | 78 | 84.8 | 14 | 15.2 | 356 | 35.6 | 296 | 83.1 | 60 | 16.9 |
Household income | ||||||||||||
Quartile 1 (low) | 472 | 37.6 | 409 | 86.7 | 63 | 13.3 | 440 | 44.0 | 370 | 84.1 | 70 | 15.9 |
Quartile 2 | 379 | 30.2 | 355 | 93.7 | 24 | 6.3 | 276 | 27.6 | 250 | 90.6 | 26 | 9.4 |
Quartile 3 | 240 | 19.1 | 227 | 94.6 | 13 | 5.4 | 159 | 15.9 | 130 | 81.8 | 29 | 18.2 |
Quartile 4 (high) | 165 | 13.1 | 155 | 93.9 | 10 | 6.1 | 125 | 12.5 | 104 | 83.2 | 21 | 16.8 |
Chronic disease | ||||||||||||
0 | 593 | 47.2 | 545 | 91.9 | 48 | 8.1 | 439 | 43.9 | 393 | 89.5 | 46 | 10.5 |
1 | 447 | 35.6 | 404 | 90.4 | 43 | 9.6 | 378 | 37.8 | 311 | 82.3 | 67 | 17.7 |
2 or more | 216 | 17.2 | 197 | 91.2 | 19 | 8.8 | 183 | 18.3 | 150 | 82.0 | 33 | 18.0 |
ADL | ||||||||||||
Normal | 1239 | 98.6 | 1138 | 91.8 | 101 | 8.2 | 989 | 98.9 | 849 | 85.8 | 140 | 14.2 |
Abnormal | 17 | 1.4 | 8 | 47.1 | 9 | 52.9 | 11 | 1.1 | 5 | 45.5 | 6 | 54.5 |
IADL | ||||||||||||
Normal | 1103 | 87.8 | 1020 | 92.5 | 83 | 7.5 | 950 | 95.0 | 818 | 86.1 | 132 | 13.9 |
Abnormal | 153 | 12.2 | 126 | 82.4 | 27 | 17.6 | 50 | 5.0 | 36 | 72.0 | 14 | 28.0 |
MMSE | ||||||||||||
≥ 24 | 1088 | 86.6 | 1017 | 93.5 | 71 | 6.5 | 751 | 75.1 | 671 | 89.3 | 80 | 10.7 |
< 24 | 168 | 13.4 | 129 | 76.8 | 39 | 23.2 | 249 | 24.9 | 183 | 73.5 | 66 | 26.5 |
Smoking status | ||||||||||||
Non-smoker | 491 | 39.1 | 455 | 92.7 | 36 | 7.3 | 977 | 97.7 | 838 | 85.8 | 139 | 14.2 |
Smoker | 765 | 60.9 | 691 | 90.3 | 74 | 9.7 | 23 | 2.3 | 16 | 69.6 | 7 | 30.4 |
BMI | ||||||||||||
Normal | 1188 | 94.6 | 1087 | 91.5 | 101 | 8.5 | 932 | 93.2 | 806 | 86.5 | 126 | 13.5 |
Abnormal | 68 | 5.4 | 59 | 86.8 | 9 | 13.2 | 68 | 6.8 | 48 | 70.6 | 20 | 29.4 |
Satisfaction of Life | ||||||||||||
Bad | 161 | 12.8 | 132 | 82.0 | 29 | 18.0 | 150 | 15.0 | 101 | 67.3 | 49 | 32.7 |
Normal | 777 | 61.9 | 709 | 91.2 | 68 | 8.8 | 602 | 60.2 | 520 | 86.4 | 82 | 13.6 |
Good | 318 | 25.3 | 305 | 95.9 | 13 | 4.1 | 248 | 24.8 | 233 | 94.0 | 15 | 6.0 |