Table 1 Demographic characteristics of older adults by frailty status

 Age, year. Median (IQR)

74.0 (70.0–78.0)

73.0 (69.0–76.0)

74.0 (70.0–78.0)

78.0 (73.0–82.0)

<.001^a

Robust < pre-PF < PF

 Sex, female (%)

7001 (54.7)

2695 (54.0)

3616 (54.7)

690 (58.2) ^c

.03^b

 Education, year. Median (IQR)

12.0 (9.0–13.0)

12.0 (10.0–13.0)

12.0 (9.0–12.0)

10.0 (9.0–12.0)

<.001^a

PF < pre-PF < Robust

 Medication, number. Median (IQR)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

3.0 (1.0–5.0)

4.0 (2.0–6.0)

<.001^a

Robust < pre-PF < PF

 Heart disease, no (%)

10,612 (83.0)

4241 (85.0) ^c

5476 (82.8)

895 (75.5) ^d

<.001^b

 Hypertension, no (%)

6836 (53.5)

2863 (57.4) ^c

3429 (51.9) ^d

544 (45.9) ^d

<.001^b

 Diabetes, no (%)

11,095 (86.8)

4481 (89.8) ^c

5665 (85.7) ^d

949 (80.1) ^d

<.001^b

 Hyperlipidemia, no (%)

8081 (63.2)

3221 (64.5) ^c

4119 (62.3) ^d

741 (62.5)

.04^b

 Walking speed, m/s. Median (IQR)

1.1 (1.0–1.3)

1.2 (1.1–1.3)

1.1 (.9–1.2)

.9 (.8–1.0)

<.001^a

PF < pre-PF < Robust

 Grip strength, kg. Median (IQR)

25.5 (21.1–32.8)

27.6 (22.7–34.9)

25.0 (20.6–32.0)

20.4 (16.4–25.4)

<.001^a

PF < pre-PF < Robust

 MMSE, score. Median (IQR)

27.0 (25.0–29.0)

28.0 (26.0–29.0)

27.0 (25.0–29.0)

26.0 (24.0–28.0)

<.001^a

PF < pre-PF < Robust

 SRH, good (%)

11,044 (86.4)

4680 (93.8) ^c

5584 (84.4) ^d

780 (65.8) ^d

<.001^b

 GDS, score. Median (IQR)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

1.0 (.0–3.0)

2.0 (1.0–4.0)

4.0 (2.0–7.0)

<.001^a

Robust < pre-PF < PF

 BMI, Median (IQR)

23.0 (21.1–25.1)

22.9 (21.1–24.8)

23.1 (21.1–25.3)

23.0 (20.6–25.4)

<.001^a

Robust < pre-PF

 Total body fat, %. Median (IQR)

27.7 (22.3–33.7)

26.8 (21.6–32.5)

28.1 (22.6–34.2)

30.0 (23.9–36.0)

<.001^a

Robust < pre-PF < PF

 ASM, kg. Median (IQR)

16.0 (13.7–20.1)

16.4 (14.0–20.6)

16.0 (13.7–20.0)

15.0 (12.8–18.8)

<.001^a

PF < pre-PF < Robust

 Frequency of going out in a week, yes (%)

6919 (54.1)

2862 (57.4) ^c

3531 (53.4)

526 (44.4) ^d

<.001^b

 Visit friends, yes (%)

9914 (77.5)

4093 (82.0) ^c

5020 (75.9) ^d

801 (67.6) ^d

<.001^b

 Shopping, yes (%)

12,278 (96.0)

4842 (97.0) ^c

6341 (95.9)

1095 (92.4) ^d

<.001^b

 Exercise circle, yes (%)

3560 (27.8)

1866 (37.4) ^c

1525 (23.1) ^d

169 (14.3) ^d

<.001^b

 Cooperate in regional events, yes (%)

4559 (35.7)

2025 (40.6) ^c

2216 (33.5) ^d

318 (26.8) ^d

<.001^b

 Advice, yes (%)

11,456 (89.6)

4660 (93.4) ^c

5860 (88.6) ^d

936 (79.0) ^d

<.001^b

 Voluntary activities, yes (%)

4058 (31.7)

1798 (36.0) ^c

1974 (29.9) ^d

286 (24.1) ^d

<.001^b

 Board member or secretary, yes (%)

3749 (29.3)

1694 (33.9) ^c

1813 (27.4) ^d

242 (20.4) ^d

<.001^b