Table 1 Participant Characteristics

Abrahamsen 2016 [60]

Number of patients with an MMSE < 24: 206 (29% of total participants)

CI defined using the Norwegian version of the MMSE (score range 0–30, score < 24 is a sign of cognitive impairment)

Mean age of total sample 85, min–max (70–102)

Of total sample:

n = 656 (68)

NR

Median MMSE of total sample: 26, min–max (8–30)

Of total sample: > 5 diagnoses, n(%) 567(62)

Bardenheier 2021 [54]

Total number of persons with ADRD:

n = 2,134,798

ADRD was identified by the (CCW) flag in the Medicare beneficiary summary file

January 1 to September 30, 2015: mean age 84.6

January 1 to September 30, 2015:

141,475(64.9)

January 1 to September 30, 2015

Black % 8.6

Other race % 4.6

NR

NR

Burke 2021 [51]

Total number with dementia: 830,524 (34.3%)

With dementia, used in matched cohort: 513,424 (34.3%)

Identification of dementia determined via coding in datasets (MDS, MBSF, MedPAR)

82.8 (8.1)

320,611 (62.4%)

White: 446,090 (86.9%)

Black: 46,606 (9.1%)

Asian: 5976 (1.2%)

Other: 5059 (1.0%)

Hispanic: 7951 (1.5%)

CFS:

Cognitively intact: 260,736 (50.8%)

Mild impairment: 180,667 (35.2%)

Moderate impairment:

61,041 (11.9%)

Severe impairment: 10,980 (2.1%)

3.0 (2.4)

Cations 2020 [38]

Individuals in residential care settings with dementia: n = 10,701 (25.4%)

Dementia was determined from the aged care eligibility assessment and dispensing of medications prescribed for Alzheimer’s disease in the 6 months before hospitalization

For all participants in residential TCP: 83.2(7.3)

For all participants in residential TCP: 25,999(61.7)

NR

NR

For all participants in residential TCP:

Comorbidities (median, IQR) 0: 1948 (4.6)

1–4: 15,336 (36.4)

5–9: 21,971 (51.1)

10 + : 9210 (6.90)

Chong 2012 [61]

Persons with dementia and behavioural disturbances:

n = 31 (16.9%)

Dementia not defined

For all participants:

81.1 (± 8.1)

For all participants:

100 (54.6)

For all participants:

Chinese 83.6%; Malay 8.2%; Indian 7.1%; Others 1.2%

NR

For all participants:

Modified CCI 1.6 ± 1.3; Severity of illness score index 2.0 ± 0.7

Downer 2022 [46]

Mild CI: n = 120,830

Moderate to severe CI: n = 74,183

Cognitive status was categorized as none, mild, and moderate or severe impairment according to the Cognitive Function Scale

For total sample: n(%)

Age 66–70: 73,721 (12.0); Age 71–75: 99,050 (16.1); Age 76–80: 116,526 (18.9); Age 81–85: 124,364 (20.2); Age ≥ 86: 202,412 (32.9)

For total sample:

394,629 (64.1)

For total sample:

White 86.0%

Black 7.1%

Hispanic 3.6%

Other 3.3%

For total sample:

CI: n (%)

None 421,060 (68.3)

Mild 120,830 (19.6)

Moderate to severe

74,183 (12.0)

NR

Hang 2021 [19]

CI: n = 73

CI measured using Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), scored ≤ 23/30 at admission

For all participants:

84.2 ± 8.3

For all participants:

103 (60.9)

NR

MMSE

Discharged Home n(%) vs Other n(%)

Yes 21 (42.9), 66 (63.5) p = 0.016*

For all participants:

NR

Intrator 2021 [47]

With dementia: n = 1091

No/mild CI: n = 9808

Moderate/high CI: n = 4979

Dementia status from the MDS assessment at the start of the CLC episode, MDS item I4800; Cognitive function status from MDS items B0700, C0100, C0500, C1000

With dementia: 77.99 (10.53)

No/mild CI: 68.00 (10.87)

Moderate/high CI: 72.79 (11.68)

With dementia:

1.7%

With dementia and No/Mild CI: 2.0%

With dementia and moderate/high CI: 1.7%

With no dementia: 4.3%

With no dementia and No/Mild CI: 4.8%

With no dementia and moderate/high CI: 3.4%

%Female among Veterans in cohort with no/mild CI: 4.7%

%Female among Veterans in cohort with moderate/high CI: 3.0%

Overall %Female in this cohort was 4.1%

American Indian or Alaska Native

With dementia: 0.53%; No/mild CI: 0.86%; Moderate/high CI: 1.12%

Asian: With dementia: 0.27%

No/mild CI: 0.33%

Moderate/high CI: 0.25%

Black / African American: With dementia:: 21.26%; No/mild CI: 18.70%; Moderate/high CI: 20.69%

Hispanic or Latino: With dementia: 5.67%; No/mild CI: 4.02%;

Moderate/high CI: 4.25%

Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander: With dementia: 0.27%; No/mild CI: 0.49%;

Moderate/high CI: 0.52%

White: With dementia: 71.74%;

No/mild CI: 75.52%; Moderate/high CI: 73.00%

Unknown: With dementia: 0.27%;

No/mild CI: 0.09%;

Moderate/high CI: 0.15%

No/mild CI:

n = 9808

Moderate/high CI: n = 4979

With dementia: 1.66 (SD 0.31)

No/mild CI: 1.73 (SD 0.20)

Moderate/high CI: 1.70 (SD 0.24)

Kosar 2017 [55]

Participants with delirium:

n = 242,121

Delirium identified using the CAM criteria in the MDS resident assessment; Dementia status from the MDS admission assessment

83.2 (8.1)

141,451 (58)

non-white race 16%

CFS Score n (%):

mild impairment 45,240 (19); moderate impairment 132,759 (55); severe impairment 43,844 (18)

dementia n (%): 133,496 (55)

CCI score: 2.6 (2.0)

Lee 2008 [58]

Number of participants with CI not reported

CI measured by 7-category MDS CPS

For all participants:

82.34 ± 7.7 (range 65–102)

For all participants:

67%

NR

For all participants:

1.68(1.7) range 0–6

NR

Lee 2011 [29]

Participants with dementia: n = 139

Dementia defined as MMSE < 14 with education years < 6 years; MMSE < 24 with education years ≥ 6 years

82.6 ± 5.9

0 (0%)

(All participants were male)

NR

MMSE score 5.9 ± 3.7

NR

Lei 2022 [48]

Veterans with dementia in PAC n = 8317

Dementia identified via ICD-9 coding

Aged 66–74: 16.9%

Aged 75–84: 42.4%

Aged 85 + : 40.7%

166 (2%)

Non-Hispanic white 76.7%

NR

NR

Loomer 2019 [44]

Participants with mild CI n = 45,064; Moderate CI n = 28,979; Severe CI n = 4117; Total number of participants with CI: n = 78,160

CI defined using the CFS in the MDS v.3.0; Alzheimer’s disease/dementia identified if it was an admission diagnosis

Ages 65–74 n (%)

mild CI 8976 (19.9); moderate CI 3976(13.7); severe CI 728 (17.7);

ages 75–84 n (%)

mild CI 15,246 (33.8); moderate CI 9358 (32.3); severe CI 1395 (33.8); ages 85–90 n (%)

mild CI 9485 (21.1); moderate CI 7147 (24.7); severe CI 750 (18.2); 90 + years n (%)

mild CI 8598 (19.1); moderate CI 7241(25.0); severe CI 778 (18.9)

NR

NR

Alzheimer’s Disease/Dementia n (%)

Among participants with mild CI 10,941 (24.3)

Among participants with moderate CI 17,191 (59.3)

Among participants with severe CI 2670 (64.9)

NR

Lueckel 2018 [62]

n (%) Participants with mild CI n = 22,043 (25); Moderate CI: n = 20,282 (23); Severe CI: n = 5144 (6)

CI defined using the CFS

For all participants:

83.9(7.5)

For all participants:

55,418(63)

For all participants:

Nonwhite race (9)

CFS Score, n (%)

2: Mild impairment 22,043 (25); 3: Moderate impairment 20,282 (23); 4: Severe impairment 5,144 (6)

For all participants: Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) 1.2 (1.4)

Madrigal 2021 [42]

Participants with delirium: n = 882

Delirium determined using the MDS 3.0 CAM; dementia determined via ICD-9 coding

81.0(9.3) P < 0.001

n = 31(3.5)

n (%)

White: 710 (80.5)

Black: 138(15.6)

Hispanic 145(1.6)

Other: 20(2.3)

Dementia, n (%): 525 (59.5)

Elixhauser comorbidity index, mean (SD) 4.3(2.8)

Marcantonio 2003 [45]

Participants with delirium symptoms:

n = 126

Delirium assessed in the MDS; dementia assessed in MDS from the list of MDS-based comorbidities

Participants with delirium symptoms:

79 ± 8

Participants with delirium symptoms:

77(61)

Participants with delirium symptoms:

Caucasian, 111 (88)

Participants with delirium symptoms:

Dementia diagnosis (n (%)): 18 (14)

Participants with delirium symptoms:

2.1 ± 1.0

Marcantonio 2005 [63]

Participants with delirium: n = 188;

Participants with subsyndromal delirium: n = 246;

Total number of persons with CI: n = 434

Participants classified as having delirium if they met full CAM criteria; classified as having subsyndromal delirium if they have one or more CAM criteria

Participants with delirium: 83.3 ± 7.4

Participants with subsyndromal delirium:

82.5 ± 7.7

Participants with delirium: 127 (68)

Participants with subsyndromal delirium:

167 (68)

Participants with delirium:

White, not Hispanic:

146 (87)

Participants with subsyndromal delirium:

White, not Hispanic:

143 (89)

Participants with delirium:

MMSE score 12.7 ± 7.0; MDAS score:

12.6 ± 4.4

Participants with subsyndromal delirium:

MMSE score 18.8 ± 6.1; MDAS score:

7.1 ± 3.1

Participants with delirium:

CCI score: 1.2 ± 1.2

Participants with subsyndromal delirium:

CCI score: 1.4 ± 1.3

Mazzola 2022 [59]

With dementia: n = 98

With delirium: n = 58

Dementia via history of pre-existing dementia and using the MMSE. Delirium was assessed with the 4AT test

For whole sample: 78.2 (11.6)

For whole sample:

202 (49.7%)

NR

Mini-Mental State Examination

Mean (SD) 21.3 (7.5)

For whole sample: 3.0 (1.9)

Miu 2016 [30]

Community-dwelling participants with CI: n = 78; with dementia: n = 31

CI was determined using the MMSE; delirium via the CAM-CR; dementia identified through medical records

Community-dwelling participants with cognitive impairment:

83.9 ± 6.5; with dementia: 84.2 ± 6.6

Community-dwelling participants with cognitive impairment:

42(54); with dementia: 19(61)

NR

NR

Community-dwelling participants with CI: mean CCI = 2.36 ± 1.55; with dementia: mean CCI = 2.52 ± 1.23

Nakanishi 2016 [56]

Participants who had dementia:

n = 2483

Dementia diagnosis was determined through the ICD-10

For total sample, based on discharge destination:

home: 84 ± 8.3

hospital: 85.2 ± 8.2

Facility: 84.1 ± 8.2

Death: 88.6 ± 7.4

For total sample, based on discharge destination:

sex, male, n (%)

home: 763(26.3)

hospital: 1453 (32.8)

facility: 538 (26.0)

death: 193 (32.6)

NR

Cognitive impairment^a (range 1–6), mean ± SD

For total sample,

Based on discharge destination:

home: 2.6 ± 1.4

hospital: 3.0 ± 1.1

facility: 2.8 ± 1.2

death: 3.2 ± 1.0

NR

Simning 2022 [52]

With dementia: n = 10,426

Dementia determined through SNF admission MDS and ICD-9 codes

Discharged home: 81.7 ± 8.5

Not discharged home: 83.0 ± 89.0

Discharged home: 66.40%

Not discharged home: 60.90%

Discharged home: White: 84.10%

Not discharged home: White: 79.3%

Discharged home: % with dementia: 16.20%

Not discharged home % with dementia: 31.9%

Discharged home: Number of diagnoses: 6 ± 3.7

Not discharged home: Number of diagnoses: 5.9 ± 3.6

Wysocki 2015 [57]

Moderately

impaired (19.3%) n = 171,152 Severely impaired (9.7%) n = 86,019

Dementia 12.9%) n = 114,396; Any signs of delirium: = 25,717

CI defined using the CPS; Dementia determined if participant had a diagnosis of dementia;

Signs of delirium were based on the CAM items

Mean age of total sample: 77.4 ± 12.3

NR for patients with CI or dementia

For total sample: 64.4%

NR for patients with CI or dementia

Race, not white for total sample 15.8%

NR for patients with CI or dementia

For whole sample:

% with Dementia: 12.9; % with moderately impaired cognition for whole sample: 19.3; % with severely impaired cognition for whole sample: 2.9; % with Alzheimer’s disease for whole sample: 2.9

NR