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Table 3 Hierarchical logistic longitudinal regression models fitted on the risk of medication-related problems at follow-up (n = 1451a)

From: Factors associated with polypharmacy and the high risk of medication-related problems among older community-dwelling adults in European countries: a longitudinal study

 

The risk of medication-related problems at follow-up (Model 1) d

The risk of medication-related problems at follow-up (Model 2) e

The risk of medication-related problems at follow-up (Model 3) f

The risk of medication-related problems at follow-up (Model 4) g

OR (95%CI) b

p-valuec

OR (95%CI) b

p-valuec

OR (95%CI) b

p-valuec

OR (95%CI) b

p-valuec

Intervention (yes)

1.01 (0.82–1.26)

0.90

1.04 (0.84–1.30)

0.72

1.04 (0.83–1.31)

0.71

0.97 (0.75–1.24)

0.79

Sociodemographic factors at baseline

Age (year)

0.98 (0.96–1.00)

0.08

0.98 (0.96–1.00)

0.08

0.96 (0.94–0.98)

0.001

0.96 (0.94–0.99)

0.004

Sex (female)

0.65 (0.52–0.83)

 < 0.001

0.61 (0.48–0.78)

 < 0.001

0.50 (0.39–0.65)

 < 0.001

0.65 (0.49–0.87)

0.004

Education level

 

0.02

 

0.05

 

0.12

 

0.18

 Tertiary or higher (ref.)

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Secondary

1.67 (1.09–2.56)

0.02

1.57 (1.02–2.41)

0.04

1.18 (0.79–1.76)

0.43

1.24 (0.80–1.93)

0.34

 Primary

1.12 (0.76–1.64)

0.57

1.10 (0.75–1.63)

0.63

1.54 (0.98–2.41)

0.06

1.57 (0.96–2.56)

0.07

Country

 

0.01

 

 < 0.001

 

 < 0.001

 

0.003

 The Netherlands (ref.)

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Greece

0.73 (0.47–1.14)

0.16

0.66 (0.42–1.03)

0.07

0.68 (0.42–1.11)

0.12

0.72 (0.42–1.23)

0.23

 Croatia

0.82 (0.57–1.17)

0.27

0.68 (0.47–0.99)

0.04

0.59 (0.39–0.87)

0.008

0.63 (0.41–0.98)

0.04

 Spain

0.90 (0.62–1.33)

0.61

0.87 (0.59–1.28)

0.48

0.86 (0.57–1.29)

0.46

1.01 (0.64–1.58)

0.98

 The United Kingdom

1.36 (0.95–1.94)

0.09

1.38 (0.96–1.98)

0.08

1.31 (0.90–1.90)

0.17

1.36 (0.90–2.06)

0.14

Migration background (yes)

1.70 (1.13–2.55)

0.01

1.74 (1.15–2.61)

0.008

1.81 (1.19–2.77)

0.006

1.79 (1.12–2.84)

0.02

Living composition (living alone)

1.27 (1.00–1.62)

0.06

1.24 (0.97–1.59)

0.08

1.14 (0.88–1.48)

0.31

1.12 (0.84–1.48)

0.45

Factors regarding life style and nutrition at baseline

 Smoke (yes)

  

0.91 (0.60–1.40)

0.68

0.84 (0.54–1.3)

0.43

1.04 (0.65–1.67)

0.87

 Alcohol risk (yes)

  

0.70 (0.54–0.90)

0.006

0.77 (0.59–1.01)

0.06

0.80 (0.60–1.07)

0.14

 Exercise (once a week or less)

  

1.27 (0.98–1.64)

0.07

0.89 (0.66–1.18)

0.41

0.93 (0.67–1.27)

0.63

BMI b

   

0.002

 

0.03

 

0.08

 Underweight and normal (ref.)

  

1.00

 

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Overweight

  

1.34 (1.04–1.72)

0.02

1.23 (0.95–1.60)

0.12

1.17 (0.88–1.56)

0.29

 Obese

  

1.77 (1.29–2.44)

 < 0.001

1.57 (1.13–2.19)

0.007

1.53 (1.06–2.20)

0.02

Malnutrition (yes)

  

1.12 (0.81–1.54)

0.50

0.92 (0.66–1.30)

0.64

0.86 (0.59–1.50)

0.43

Factors regarding health and health care use at baseline

 Health-related quality of life (SF-12) (score)

  Physical Component Summary

    

0.98 (0.96–0.99)

 < 0.001

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

0.14

  Mental Component Summary

    

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

0.74

1.00 (0.99–1.02)

0.68

 Multi-morbidity (yes)

    

1.87 (1.19–2.93)

0.006

1.50 (0.92–2.43)

0.10

 Falling times during the last year (two or more times)

    

0.92 (0.67–1.28)

0.64

0.90 (0.62–1.29)

0.55

 Frailty (yes)

    

1.75 (1.30–2.36)

 < 0.001

1.61 (1.16–2.23)

0.005

 Outpatient service use during the last year (yes)

    

2.57 (1.54–4.29)

 < 0.001

1.98 (1.13–3.48)

0.02

 Hospitalization (yes)

    

1.14 (0.84–1.54)

0.40

1.03 (0.74–1.43)

0.86

 The risk of medication-related problems at baseline (high risk)

      

6.83 (5.29–8.80)

 < 0.001

 Block

40.19

 < 0.001

26.74

 < 0.001

94.37

 < 0.001

241.77

 < 0.001

 Model summary

1926.28

0.55

1899.54

0.99

1805.17

0.24

1563.40

0.85

 Nagelkerke R2

0.037

 

0.061

 

0.14

 

0.33

 
  1. aThe number of missing cases is 340; the number of cases included in the analysis is 1451
  2. bAbbreviations: BMI, body mass index; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval
  3. cSignificant P-values (< 0.05) are in bold
  4. dModel 1: Adjusted for intervention
  5. eModel 2: Model 1 + Factors regarding life style and nutrition
  6. fModel 3: Model 2 + Factors regarding health and health care use
  7. gModel 4: Model 3 + The risk of medication-related problems at baseline
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BMC Geriatrics

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