Table 2 Hierarchical logistic longitudinal regression models fitted on polypharmacy at follow-up (n = 1451a)
Polypharmacy at follow-up (Model 1) d | Polypharmacy at follow-up (Model 1) e | Polypharmacy at follow-up (Model 3) f | Polypharmacy at follow-up (Model 4) g | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) b | p-valuec | OR (95%CI) b | p-valuec | OR (95%CI) b | p-valuec | OR (95%CI) b | p-valuec | |
Intervention (yes) | 1.10 (0.89–1.37) | 0.37 | 1.16 (0.93–1.45) | 0.19 | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) | 0.16 | 1.15 (0.87–1.53) | 0.33 |
Sociodemographic factors at baseline | ||||||||
Age (year) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.09 | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) | 0.14 | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.58 | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.68 |
Sex (female) | 0.78 (0.62–0.99) | 0.045 | 0.73 (0.57–0.94) | 0.01 | 0.55 (0.42–0.72) | < 0.001 | 0.75 (0.54–1.04) | 0.09 |
Education level | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.41 | 0.54 | ||||
Tertiary or higher (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Secondary | 1.63 (1.05–2.51) | 0.03 | 1.49 (0.96–2.33) | 0.08 | 1.21 (0.80–1.85) | 0.37 | 1.33 (0.80–2.21) | 0.27 |
Primary | 1.15 (0.78–1.7) | 0.48 | 1.11 (0.75–1.66) | 0.60 | 1.38 (0.86–2.21) | 0.18 | 1.26 (0.71–2.22) | 0.43 |
Country | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||
The Netherlands (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Greece | 0.59(0.38–0.92) | 0.02 | 0.50 (0.32–0.78) | 0.002 | 0.43 (0.26–0.71) | 0.001 | 0.45 (0.24–0.82) | 0.01 |
Croatia | 0.72 (0.51–1.03) | 0.07 | 0.58 (0.4–0.83) | 0.003 | 0.42 (0.28–0.63) | < 0.001 | 0.47 (0.28–0.77) | 0.003 |
Spain | 0.58 (0.39–0.85) | 0.006 | 0.56 (0.38–0.83) | 0.004 | 0.55 (0.36–0.84) | 0.005 | 0.68 (0.41–1.14) | 0.15 |
The United Kingdom | 1.62 (1.13–2.31) | 0.008 | 1.7 (1.18–2.44) | 0.004 | 1.52 (1.03–2.25) | 0.03 | 1.27 (0.80–2.04) | 0.31 |
Migration background (yes) | 1.48 (0.98–2.23) | 0.06 | 1.55 (1.02–2.35) | 0.04 | 1.67 (1.08–2.59) | 0.02 | 1.56 (0.91–2.65) | 0.10 |
Living composition (living alone) | 1.26 (0.99–1.60) | 0.06 | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) | 0.10 | 1.14 (0.87–1.48) | 0.35 | 1.04 (0.76–1.43) | 0.81 |
Factors regarding life style and nutrition at baseline | ||||||||
Smoke (yes) | 1.09 (0.71–1.66) | 0.70 | 1.01(0.65–1.57) | 0.97 | 1.16 (0.68–1.97) | 0.60 | ||
Alcohol risk (yes) | 0.76 (0.59–0.98) | 0.03 | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.37 | 0.84 (0.60–1.17) | 0.30 | ||
Exercise (once a week or less) | 1.75 (1.35–2.27) | < 0.001 | 1.06 (0.79–1.43) | 0.68 | 1.06 (0.74–1.51) | 0.77 | ||
BMI b | < 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.03 | |||||
Underweight and normal (ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Overweight | 1.47 (1.14–1.9) | 0.003 | 1.37 (1.04–1.79) | 0.02 | 1.40 (1.01–1.93) | 0.045 | ||
Obese | 1.99 (1.44–2.74) | < 0.001 | 1.78 (1.26–2.51) | 0.001 | 1.70 (1.12–2.59) | 0.01 | ||
Malnutrition (yes) | 0.97 (0.7–1.34) | 0.83 | 0.76 (0.53–1.08) | 0.12 | 0.71 (0.46–1.08) | 0.11 | ||
Factors regarding health and health care use at baseline | ||||||||
Health-related quality of life (SF-12) (score) | ||||||||
Physical Component Summary | 0.96 (0.95–0.98) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.97- 0.996) | 0.01 | ||||
Mental Component Summary | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.17 | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.41 | ||||
Multi-morbidity (yes) | 3.73 (2.18–6.37) | < 0.001 | 2.31 (1.24–4.31) | 0.01 | ||||
Falling times during the last year (two or more times) | 0.95 (0.68–1.32) | 0.74 | 0.82 (0.55–1.24) | 0.34 | ||||
Frailty (yes) | 1.69 (1.24–2.30) | 0.001 | 1.44 (0.99–2.09) | 0.05 | ||||
Outpatient service use during the last year (yes) | 1.77 (1.09–2.88) | 0.02 | 1.24 (0.69–2.23) | 0.47 | ||||
Hospitalization (yes) | 1.20 (0.88–1.63) | 0.25 | 0.91 (0.63–1.33) | 0.63 | ||||
Polypharmacy at baseline (yes) | 15.91 (11.94–21.21) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Block | 75.47 | < 0.001 | 45.44 | < 0.001 | 147.40 | < 0.001 | 435.16 | < 0.001 |
Model summary | 1918.15 | 0.95 | 1872.71 | 0.29 | 1725.31 | 0.69 | 1290.14 | 0.03 |
Nagelkerke R2 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.51 | ||||