Table 1 Significant intergroup differences in multidomain cognitive performance and behavioral characteristics of the three groups

 MMSE

28.45 ± 1.24

27.32 ± 1.62

26.40 ± 1.69

83.03

< 0.001^a,b,c

 AVLT-N5

8.44 ± 1.78

4.35 ± 0.64

1.82 ± 2.04

755.57

< 0.001^a,b,c

 AVLT-N1N5

38.90 ± 7.11

24.51 ± 4.05

16.43 ± 6.69

639.23

< 0.001^a,b,c

 CFT delay

15.37 ± 6.64

11.52 ± 5.60

7.33 ± 5.61

89.05

< 0.001^a,b,c

 CFT copy

34.70 ± 1.67

33.81 ± 2.79

31.30 ± 6.14

32.68

< 0.001^a,b,c

 CDT

26.05 ± 3.38

24.05 ± 4.51

21.28 ± 6.31

42.82

< 0.001^a,b,c

 SDMT

35.94 ± 10.63

28.31 ± 8.71

21.68 ± 8.92

110.12

< 0.001^a,b,c

 TMT-A

56.87 ± 21.21

65.65 ± 18.68

92.77 ± 39.16

81.19

< 0.001^a,b,c

 SCWT

41.88 ± 21.03

49.58 ± 20.43

54.89 ± 28.70

13.14

< 0.001^a,b

 TMT-B

148.88 ± 53.41

196.84 ± 19.86

275.60 ± 101.16

154.05

< 0.001^a,b,c

 Age

73.84 ± 3.78

74.80 ± 3.89

76.11 ± 4.15

16.49

< 0.001^a,b,c

 Gender (W%)

64.9%

50.9%

52.0%

8.30

0.016^a,b

 Education

13.60 ± 3.13

11.46 ± 3.53

10.61 ± 4.03

32.40

< 0.001^a,b

 Occupation

0.69 ± 0.09

0.65 ± 0.11

0.64 ± 0.11

14.79

< 0.001^a,b

 Memory self-satisfaction

6.53 ± 2.06

6.25 ± 1.86

5.71 ± 2.24

18.54

< 0.001^a,b,c

 BMI

23.98 ± 2.91

25.05 ± 3.52

24.41 ± 3.28

4.39

0.013^a

 Mental Activity

64.54 ± 23.35

57.72 ± 23.79

50.89 ± 20.20

12.23

< 0.001^a,b,c

 Physical Activity

43.20 ± 14.80

41.31 ± 16.02

36.57 ± 14.21

7.23

0.001^b,c

 Social Activity

30.05 ± 14.72

26.53 ± 15.50

22.35 ± 12.13

10.07

< 0.001^b,c