Fig. 3

Intergroup trend of differences in structural equation models for different groups. Full lines indicate significant paths and dotted lines indicate insignificant paths. Bold numbers without asterisks are significant path coefficients (β, all p < 0.05), bold numbers with asterisks (^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, and ^***p < 0.001) indicate indirect effects, and narrow numbers are residual variances. Metrics that represent the goodness of model fit are listed separately. A SEM model of the SCA group (N = 154); B SEM model of the CNC group (N = 173); C SEM model of the MCI group (N = 256). Abbreviation: ECR, early-life cognitive reserve; LLA, late-life leisure activity; COG, general cognitive function; EDU, level of education; OCC, occupational attainment; MA, mental activity; PA, physical activity; SA, social activity; Z-MEM, mean Z-score of tests in memory domain; Z-VSA, mean Z-score of tests in visuospatial ability domain; Z-ATT, mean Z-score of tests in attention domain; Z-EF, mean Z-score of tests in executive function domain