Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects according to frail status

General Characteristics

Age (year, ‾x ± s)

70.3 ± 5.6

72.9 ± 7.2

80.2 ± 7.3

< 0.001

Female (N, %)

424 (54.6%)

650 (62.5%)

115 (69.7%)

< 0.001

Living alone (N, %)

40 (5.2%)

69 (6.6%)

18 (10.9%)

< 0.001

Widowed, divorced, unmarried (N, %)

128 (16.5%)

227 (21.8%)

68 (41.2%)

< 0.001

Education (primary school or below, N, %)

134 (17.3%)

211 (20.3%)

54 (32.7%)

< 0.001

Nutrition & physical function

Dietary diversity score

29 (26, 32)

28 (24, 31)

26 (23, 30)

< 0.001

Malnutrition risk (N, %)

95 (12.2%)

259 (24.9%)

82 (49.7%)

< 0.001

ADL score (median, IQR)

6 (6, 6)

6 (6, 6)

6 (6, 6)

< 0.001

IADL score (median, IQR)

8 (8, 8)

8 (8, 8)

8 (4, 8)

< 0.001

Continence (n, %)

46 (5.9%)

114 (11.0%)

35 (21.2%)

< 0.001

Constipation (n, %)

14 (1.8%)

36 (3.5%)

10 (6.1%)

0.007

Unexplainable fall ≥ two times (N, %)

42 (5.4%)

111 (10.7%)

49 (29.7%)

< 0.001

Medical condition & social support

Hypertension (N, %)

454 (58.5%)

676 (65.0%)

112 (67.9%)

0.006

Diabetes (N, %)

230 (29.6%)

344 (33.1%)

63 (38.2%)

0.067

Comorbidity (N, %)

2 (1, 3)

2 (1, 3)

2 (1, 4)

< 0.001

Polypharmacy (N, %)

186 (24.0%)

315 (30.3%)

78 (47.3%)

< 0.001

Cognitive impairment (N, %)

81 (10.4%)

194 (18.7%)

61 (37.0%)

< 0.001

Anxiety (N, %)

117 (15.1%)

266 (25.6%)

64 (38.8%)

< 0.001

Depression (N, %)

45 (5.8%)

97 (9.3%)

32 (19.4%)

< 0.001

Insomnia (N, %)

261 (33.6%)

422 (40.6%)

80 (48.5%)

< 0.001

Chronic pain (N, %)

293 (37.8%)

513 (49.4%)

113 (68.5%)

< 0.001

SSRS (median, IQR)

28 (24, 32)

27 (22, 31)

23 (19, 27)

< 0.001

Physical Exam & Laboratory data

SBP (mmHg)

137 (126, 148)

137 (126, 149)

143 (132, 154)

< 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

81 (75, 88)

80 (72.5, 87)

77 (68, 85)

< 0.001

Waist circumstance (cm)

85.20 (8.37)

86.01 (9.18)

88.29 (8.92)

< 0.001

TUG test (s)

9.8 (8.9, 10.7)

10.6 (9.4, 12.4)

15.4 (12.3, 19.6)

< 0.001

Creatinine (µmol/L)

65 (54, 77)

66 (55, 80)

71 (58, 91)

< 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

5.4 (4.6, 6.1)

5.2 (4.4, 6.0)

5.1 (4.2,6.0)

< 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.5 (1.1, 2.0)

1.4 (1.1, 2.0)

1.5 (1.1, 2.0)

0.90

HDL (mmol/L)

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)

1.2 (1.0, 1.4)

1.2 (1.0, 1.5)

0.33

LDL (mmol/L)

2.8 (2.2, 3.4)

2.7 (2.0, 3.4)

2.7 (2.1, 3.4)

0.18

Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)

6 (5.5, 6.8)

5.9 (5.5, 6.9)

6.1 (5.3, 7.6)

0.60